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. 2019 Oct 28;18:61. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0494-7

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Study design and tested associations. GRS, genetic risk score; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; IV, instrumental variable. We assessed the association between vitamin D related genetic variants and 25(OH)D concentrations (a). Second, we measured the effects of genetic variants associated with 25(OH)D on the changes of metabolic components and MS risk (c). Third, we did observational assessments of the relation between 25(OH)D concentrations and present MS and its components (b)