Table 1.
Summary of demographic and clinical information for mTBI patients and normal control subjects.
| Demographica | mTBI (n = 95) | Controls (n = 54) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 35.93 ± 13.69 | 35.74 ± 11.51 | 0.987 |
| (33.14–38.71) | (32.60–38.88) | ||
| Gender | 55M:40F | 29M:25F | 0.731 |
| Education in years | 8.51 ± 3.75 | 9.43 ± 4.14 | 0.103 |
| (7.74–9.27) | (8.30–10.55) | ||
| Neuropsychological testsa | |||
| Trail Making A | 62.32 ± 45.93 | 41.70 ± 23.55 | 0.012 |
| (52.96–71.67) | (35.27–48.13) | ||
| Digit symbol coding | 34.91 ± 15.85 | 46.93 ± 16.88 | <0.001 |
| (31.68–38.13) | (42.32–51.53) | ||
| Digit span-forward | 7.84 ± 1.53 | 8.33 ± 1.67 | 0.653 |
| (7.53–8.15) | (7.87–8.79) | ||
| Digit span-backward | 3.79 ± 1.34 | 4.51 ± 1.90 | 0.233 |
| (3.51–4.06) | (4.00–5.04) | ||
| Language fluency | 16.14 ± 5.16 | 18.93 ± 6.51 | 0.109 |
| (15.09–17.19) | (17.15–20.70) | ||
| Symptoms severitya | |||
| PCS | 10.27 ± 7.26 | 2.33 ± 2.83 | <0.001 |
| (8.79–11.75) | (1.56–3.11) | ||
| mTBI severity n (%) | |||
| Loss of conscious | 86 (90.5%) | NA | |
| Post-traumatic amnesia | 9 (9.5%) | NA | |
| GCS = 15 | 95 (100%) | NA | |
| GCS = 13, 14 | 0 (0%) | NA | |
| Causes for mTBI n (%) | |||
| Acceleration/deceleration | 60 (63.2%) | NA | |
| Ground level fall | 7 (7.4%) | NA | |
| Fall from height | 6 (6.3%) | NA | |
| Assaults | 21 (22.1%) | NA | |
| Direct impact blow to head | 1 (1.1%) | NA | |
a
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD (90% confidence intervals) and categorical variables are expressed as a frequency and percentage. Results of neuropsychological tests are presented as raw scores. Statistically significant P values are shown in bold. GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; NA, non-available; PCS, Post-concussive symptoms.