Table 4.

Univariate analysis to determine the factors associated with recurrence

Prognostic factors	Risk category	Reference category	Univariate analysis
			HR	95% CI	p
Factors related to the population
Sex	Female	Male	1.651	0.9–2.8	0.07
Age	< 50 years	≥ 50 years	1.136	0.6–2.0	0.66
Factors related to the tumor
Location	Low rectum	Upper or middle	1.129	0.7–2.2	0.35
Fixity	Mobile	Fixed	1.084	0.5–2.0	0.80
Stenotic character	Stenotic	Non-stenotic	2.203	1.1–4.2	0.01
Size	≥ 5 cm	< 5 cm	1.496	0.8–2.6	0.15
Biologic factors
CEA levels	Abnormal	Normal	0.721	0.3–1.3	0.32
LDH levels > 400	Present	Absent	0.673	0.1–3.7	0.65
Factors related to adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy	Absent	Present	1.337	0.7–2.3	0.31
Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy	Absent	Present	1.551	0.8–2.9	0.17
Adjuvant chemotherapy	Absent	Present	1.308	0.7–2.3	0.37
Factors related to surgery
Urgency of the intervention	Yes	No	7.027	0.9–52.6	0.05
Experience of the surgeon	Junior	Senior	0.888	0.3–1.9	0.77
Surgical approach	Laparoscopic	Laparotomy	0.962	0.3–2.7	0.94
Surgical intervention	Abdominoperineal resection	Anterior resection of the rectum	0.648	0.3–1.2	0.18
Vascular ligation	1 cm from the origin	At the origin	1.334	0.7–2.3	0.33
Distal margin	≤ 2 cm	> 2 cm	2.792	1.5–4.9	0.00
Intraoperative incident	Yes	No	3.716	1.6–8.4	0.00
Anastomotic fistula	Present	Absent	0.637	0.2–1.4	0.63
Pathological factors
Parietal invasion (pT stage)	T3–T4	T1–T2	2.278	1.1–4.5	0.02
Invasion of neighboring organs	Yes	No	3.040	1.5–6.0	0.00
Tumor perforation	Yes	No	4.128	1.6–10.5	0.00
Ganglionic invasion (pN stage)	Yes	No	2.677	1.5–4.6	0.00
Extra capsular invasion	Yes	No	2.789	1.1–6.6	0.02
Vascular emboli	Yes	No	3.817	2.1–6.6	0.00
lymphatic and perineural invasion	Yes	No	4.235	2.2–7.8	0.00
Mucoid colloid component	Yes	No	1.360	0.7–2.6	0.34
pTNM stage	III and IV	I and II	2.833	1.6–4.8	0.00

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval