Table 1.
An updated literature review (2014 to 2018) summarizing in vivo applications of electrospun tissue engineered vascular grafts. Although a variety of polymer types and modifications have been investigated, none have yielded a functional neovessel beyond the point of complete polymer degradation. PCL (poly caprolactone), P(LLA-CL) (poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), PGS (poly (glycerol sebacic acid)), PU (polyurethane), Y / N (Yes / No), ECs (endothelial cells), SMCs (smooth muscle cells), BM-MSCs (bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells), EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells), CCA (common carotid artery), IAA (infrarenal abdominal aorta), IVC (inferior vena cava), FA (femoral artery), NR (not reported), NA (not assessed).
| Polymer | TEVG Design | Cell Seeding | Graft ID (mm) | Grafting Model (Animal) | Weeks In-Vivo | Patency | Endothelium (Weeks) | Neo-intima | Cellular Infiltration | Fiber Diameter (μm) | Complete Degradation? | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCL | ES graft as-spun | N | 4.0 | CCA (Pigs) | 4 | 100% | 4 (86%) | Y | Y | 2.2 ± 0.6 | N | 2014 | [30] |
| Tri-layered PCL and chitosan draft | N | 1.5 | IAA (Rats) | 4 | 75% | 4 | Y | Y | PCL - 0.591 ± 0.05 | ||||
| CS - 0.305 ± 0.04 | N | 2014 | [31] | ||||||||||
| PCL/Chitos an (20:1) | N | 1.0 | IAA (Mice) | 36 | 100% | 36 | - | - | 0.150 ± 0.06 | N | 2016 | [32] | |
| PCL/Chitos an (20:1) | N | 5.0 | CCA (Sheep) | 36 | 67% | 36 | Y | Y | 0.150 ± 0.06 | N | 2016 | [33] | |
| Tri-layered PCL graft | N | 2.2 | CCA (Rabbits) | 12 | 100% | 12 (83.1%) | Y | Y | Inner - 0.81 ± 0.45 | ||||
| Middle - 0.85 ± 0.31 | |||||||||||||
| Outer - 0.95 ± 0.44 | N | 2016 | [34] | ||||||||||
| ES graft as-spun | N | 0.5 | CCA (Rats) | 4 | 83% | 4 (78.5%) | Y | Y | 0.39 ± 0.01 | N | 2017 | [34] | |
| PCL and Collagen I (1:1) | ECs, | ||||||||||||
| SMCs | 4.75 | CCA (Sheep) | 24 | 100% | 24 | Y | Y | Inner - 4.45 ± 0.81 | |||||
| Outer - 0.27 ± 0.09 | N | 2017 | [35] | ||||||||||
| PCL/PDS | N | 2 | IAA (Rats) | 12 | 80% | 4 (83.3%) | Y | Y | NR | N | 2017 | [36] | |
| PCL w/coated layers | N | 2 | IAA (Rats) | 8 | 100% | 8 (75%) | Y | Y | 5.66 ± 0.41 | N | 2017 | [37] | |
| PCL w/modified surface | N | 2 | IAA (Rats) | 4 | 100% | 4 (82.7%) | Y | Y | 7.06 ± 0.76 | N | 2017 | [38] | |
| ES graft as-spun | N | 2.0 | IAA (Rats) | 52 | 100% | 52 | Y | Y | 6.8 ± 1.3 | N | 2017 | [39] | |
| PCL w/coated layer | N | 2 | IAA (Rats) | 8 | 100% | 8 | Y | Y | 6.41 ± 1.15 | N | 2018 | [40] | |
| Layers of PCL or PCL/PEG | N | 2.0 | IAA (Rats) | 12 | NR | 12 | Y | Y | NR | N | 2018 | [41] | |
| PCL graft coated w/collagen-chitosan | BM-MSCs | 5.56 | CCA (Sheep) | 4 | 100.0% | N | Y | Y | NR | N | 2018 | [42] | |
| P(LLA-CL) | |||||||||||||
| P(LLA-CL) and PGA (1:1) | N | 12 | IVC (Sheep) | 36 | 100% | 36 | Y | Y | NR | N* | 2017 | [43] | |
| P(LLA-CL) graft spun w/ Col I and elastin (80: 10: 10) | N | 4 | IAA (Rabbits) | 4 | 93.0% | 4 | Y | Y | NR | N | 2017 | [44] | |
| P(LLA-CL) and PGA (1:1) | BM-MNCs | 1 | IVC (Mice) | 36 | 90% | 36 | Y | Y | 0.61 ± 0.27 | N | 2018 | [45] | |
| PLLA | |||||||||||||
| PLLA/PCL | N | 1 | CCA (Rats) | 4 | 88% | 2 (82%) | Y | Y | 0.7-1.0 | N | 2018 | [46] | |
| ES graft as spun | N | 0.5-0.6 | IAA (Mice) | 52 | 87.5% | 52 | Y | N | 0.7 | N | 2015 | [47] | |
| PGS | |||||||||||||
| PGS core w/ PCL sheath | N | 0.78 | IAA (Mice) | 52 | 100% | NA | Y | Y | PGS - 1.45 ± 0.06 | ||||
| PCL - NR | N | 2016 | [48] | ||||||||||
| PU | |||||||||||||
| ES graft as-spun | N | 1.5 | IAA (Rats) | 52 | 100% | 4 | Y | Y | 1.39 ± 0.76 | N | 2015 | [49] | |
| PU w/protein modification | EPCs | 3 | FA (Dogs) | 24 | 63% | NA | Y | Y | 0.45 ± 0.14 | N | 2017 | [50] | |
| PU w/modified surface | N | 1 | CCA (Rats) | 4 | 86% | 4 | Y | Y | 0.497 ± 0.316 | N | 2017 | [51] | |
2.09±0.69% of scaffolding material remained at 6 months post-implantation.