Gene expression of atrophy related denervation markers in adult and aged LRT and HRT rats (n = 4–7) in the TA muscles. (A) TA LRT Runx1 gene expression, (B) TA HRT Runx1 gene expression, (C) TA LRT GADD45α gene expression, and (D) TA HRT GADD45α gene expression. Age-related upregulation of gene associated with denervation were observed in aged sedentary (SED) and exercise (EXER) rats, *. Exercise-induced gene expression changes in GADD45α were observed in aged rats, #. p ≤ 0.05.