Table 1.
General characteristics of the study participants by ethnicity and diabetes.
| Variable | AA with T2D | AA without T2D | HA with T2D | HA without T2D | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.4 ± 10.1 | 50.7 ± 8.5 | 57.8 ± 10.0 | 54.2 ± 11.0 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 147.3 ± 66.0 | 95.8 ± 12.9 | 162.6 ± 84.5 | 99.5 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.6 ± 1.9 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 8.5 ± 2.6 | 5.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 16.3 ± 15.8 | 12.2 ± 8.9 | 8.9 ± 8.7 | 9.9 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Beta cell function (HOMA2) | 63.5 ± 53.9 | 108.5 ± 47.4 | 42.2 ± 46.2 | 93.3 ± 42.9 | <0.001 |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA2) | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Depression score* (0 – 63) | 9.5 ± 9.7 | 7.1 ± 7.5 | 10.9 ± 7.8 | 7.7 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Perceived stress (0 – 40) | 20.4 ± 5.8 | 20.2 ± 5.7 | 20.1 ± 5.7 | 19.1 ± 6.2 | 0.282 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 114.6 ± 17.5 | 102.1 ± 14.5 | 99.2 ± 11.4 | 96.2 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Gender | - | - | - | - | 0.841 |
| Female | 67 (52.3) | 59 (50.0) | 76 (55.1) | 60 (50.4) | |
| Male | 61 (47.7) | 59 (50.0) | 62 (44.9) | 59 (49.6) | |
| Smoked >100 cigarettes (yes) | 47 (36.7) | 48 (40.7) | 9 (6.5) | 7(5.9) | <0.001 |
| Education | - | - | - | - | <0.001 |
| <High school | 22 (17.2) | 16 (13.6) | 74 (53.6) | 48 (40.3) | |
| High school | 41 (32.0) | 37 (31.4)) | 29 (21.0) | 25 (25.0) | |
| Some college | 48 (37.5) | 42 (35.6) | 19 (13.8) | 23 (19.3) | |
| College or more | 17 (13.3) | 23 (19.5) | 16 (11.6) | 23 (19.3) | |
| Moderate to severe depressive symptoms (≥16) | 23 (18.0) | 15 (12.7) | 23 (16.7) | 12 (10.1) | 0.268 |
AA: African Americans; HA: Haitian Americans; T2D: type 2 diabetes mellitus; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2: homeostatic model assessment, version 2. Continuous variables are given as means ± SD and categorical variable are shown as number (%).
*
Depression score measures depressive symptoms.