Schematic drawing of the parallel nature of olfactory pathways from the periphery to the MB (A) and a presumed MB feedback pathway (B) in the cockroach brain, evaluation of the latter being a major subject of this study. Major processing stages and related olfactory neurons are listed on the left flowcharts, in which neuron numbers (1–5) correspond to those in the right diagrams. Green and red pathways in the right diagrams represent dual processing streams reported previously: 1, OSNs in trichoid and grooved basiconic sensilla and in perforated basiconic sensilla (Watanabe et al., 2012); 2, Type 1 and Type 2 PNs (Watanabe et al., 2017); 3, Class I and Class II KCs (Mizunami et al., 1998a,b; Strausfeld and Li, 1999b; Nishino et al., 2018); 4, MBONs and 5, Type 1 and Type 2 CGs (Takahashi et al., 2017). The lobes of the MB are omitted in the diagram (A). PED, Pedunculus; sw, single-walled-sensilla, AL, antennal lobe; CAs, calyces; dw, double-walled sensilla.