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. 2019 Oct 29;9:15518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Astrocytes and microglia reactions to high-intensity focused ultrasound exposure. (A) Whole-mount coronal sections at ~0 Bregma stained with Iba1. Magnified images illustrate cell identification and quantification. (B) Same sections as in (A) with brain region and sonication location denotation. (C) shows the percentage of positive Iba-1 stained area to the total area of selected regions. Only regions show statistically meaningful difference between sham and HIFU exposed animals are included. (D) Representative Iba-1 images in anterior commissure at 24 hours post-treatment, and hypothalamus at 1 week post-treatment. E. show the percentage of positive GFAP stained area to the total area of selected regions. Only hypothalamus showed remarkably increase in astrocyte reactivity at 1 week post-treatment. F. Representative GFAP images in hypothalamus at 1 week post-treatment. (n = 5 in control groups, and n = 7 in HIFU groups at each time point. ^#p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test. Please note that these findings did not show significance in post-hoc Benjamin and Hochberg false discovery rate correction, indicating glial reactions are mild).