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. 2019 Oct 29;9:15518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51876-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Behavioral deficits after focused-ultrasound exposure in mice. (A) HIFU exposure at approximately the motor cortex significantly reduced the latency that a mouse stays on a rotating rod (32 rpm) compared with sham group from 2 hours to 1 month after treatments. (n = 8 in each group). (B) Focused ultrasound sonication at approximately frontal cortex area also impaired mice’s locomotor ability, manifested as reduced latency at the rotating rod. (n = 6 in each group). (C) Representative traveling traces of mice in the first 5 minutes of an OFT 2 hours after sham and HIFU treatments respectively. (D) Animals subjected to HIFU travelled remarkably less distance compared to those in the sham group at multiple time points post treatment, indicative of reduced spontaneous exploratory activity (top). Animals subjected to HIFU exposure stayed longer in the center of the arena, defined as the gray region in (C), compared with sham (bottom). (n = 8 in each group) (Data expressed as mean ± se, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, Two-way mixed-effects model followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test [GraphPad Prism]).