Table 1.

3D Models for the Biology of Blood and Cancer

Biomaterial	Scaffold type	Cancer	Refs
Natural materials
Silk fibroin	Scaffold, hydrogel, mat	MM, prostate, breast, osteosarcoma	59, 60, 61, 62
Collagen	Hydrogel, scaffold	Breast, prostate, osteosarcoma	63, 64, 65
Chitosan‐alginate	Scaffold	Prostate, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma	66, 67
Hyaluronic acid	Scaffold, hydrogel	Renal cell carcinoma, MM	68, 69
Bacterial nanocellulose	Scaffold, hydrogel	Neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, prostate, renal cancer, breast	70, 71
Native ECM	Scaffold	MM, breast	72, 73
ECM/cartilaginous matrix/Matrigel	Scaffold, hydrogel	Breast	74
Chitosan (with or without HA or collagen)	Scaffold	Breast	75
Cell sheets over medical‐grade polycaprolactone‐tricalcium phosphate	scaffold	prostate	76
Synthetic materials
Poly(ethylene) glycol	Hydrogel	Breast, prostate	77, 78, 79
Poly(ε‐caprolactone)	Hydrogel	Breast, prostate, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma	80, 81, 82
Poly(amino acid‐)‐based polymers	Hydrogel	Osteosarcoma	83
PLG (nonmineralized) and PLG mineralized with HA	Scaffold	Breast	84

Adapted with permission from Sitarski and colleagues.33

BM = bone marrow; ECM = extracellular matrix; HA = hydroxyapatite; MM = multiple myeloma; PLG = poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide).