Table 1.

Case reports of histologically confirmed, anticoagulant-related, dabigatran-induced nephropathy

Patient	1 [our case]	2 [12]	3 [13]	4 [14]
Age/Sex	67/F	78/F	69/F	67/M
Dose of dabigatran	150 mg twice daily	110 mg twice daily	110 mg twice daily	150 mg twice daily
Duration of taking dabigatran	2 years	1 year	2 weeks	1 week
Risk factors	Older age, DM, HTN	Older age, HTN	Older age, HTN	Older age, CVD
Basal S-Cr (mg/dL)/eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	0.53/86	1.0−1.1/48−54	1.5/35	1.0/78
Peak S-Cr (mg/dL)	3.67	6.8	8	5.5
Hematuria	Macrohematuria	Macrohematuria	RBC > 100/HPF	Macrohematuria
Proteinuria	2.09 g/gCr	0.6–0.9 g/gCr	100 mg/dL, oliguria	N/A
APTT (s)	96.7	150	68	N/A
PT-INR	2.47	1.9	2.3	1.6
Biopsy findings	Occlusive RBC casts Diffuse ATI Interstitial hemorrhage Mild IgA nephropathy	Occlusive RBC casts Glomerular hemorrhage Mild IgA nephropathy	Occlusive RBC casts Extensive tubular necrosis Interstitial hemorrhage Mild IgA nephropathy	Occlusive RBC casts Diffuse ATI Mild IgA nephropathy
Treatment	Stopping dabigatran	Stopping dabigatran	Stopping dabigatran Temporary hemodialysis	Stopping dabigatran
APTT (s) after treatment	Return to normal	Return to normal	Return to normal	N/A
PT-INR after treatment	Return to normal	Return to normal	N/A	N/A
S-Cr at the last follow-up (mg/dL)	0.68 (after one year)	1.1 (after one year)	1.9 (after two weeks)	1.8 (after three months)

DM diabetes mellitus; HTN hypertension; CVD cardiovascular disease; S-Cr serum creatinine; RBC red blood cells; HPF high-power field; PT-INR prothrombin time international normalized ratio; APTT activated partial thromboplastin time; N/A not available; ATI acute tubular injury