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. 2019 Oct 29;9:15554. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52171-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of whole-cell membrane conductance evoked by KYN, TON, MSN, or DIO in Caco-2 cells under a nystatin-perforated patch-clamp. (a–d) Responses of whole-cell currents to stimulation by KYN, TON, MSN, or DIO, respectively. Top panels: Representative time courses of changes in whole-cell currents recorded at −100 mV (open circles) and +100 mV (filled circles) before and after application of each herbal component at 400 μg/ml during application (every 10 s) of ramp pulses of −100 to +100 mV from a holding potential of −60 mV. Bottom panels: Corresponding I-V relationships recorded at time points a and b in the top panels. The reversal potentials of these herbal component-induced currents were determined from the intersection of the I-V curves obtained in the absence and presence of a herbal component: KYN (−70.6 ± 1.7 mV, n = 7), TON (−72.5 ± 1.0 mV, n = 9), DIO (−73.2 ± 1.6 mV, n = 5), MSN (−40.1 ± 1.9 mV, n = 5). (e) Peak current densities measured at +100 mV before (control) and after (+herbal component) application of KYN, TON, MSN, and DIO. Each column represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5–8). *P < 0.05 compared with the control value. (f) Percent recovery from peak whole-cell currents at 15 min after washout of the herbal component (KYN, TON, MSN, or DIO) calculated by the equation: % Recovery = 100 − (100 × [(I₂ − I₁)/(I₃ − I₁)], where I₁ is the amplitude of the control current at +100 mV before herbal component application, I₂ is the peak current attained after application of the herbal component, and I₃ is the current measured at 15 min after washout of the herbal component. Each column represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5–7).