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. 2019 Oct 29;9:15554. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52171-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sensitivity of SVD to TEA induced by KYN (a), TON (b), and DIO (d) and sensitivity of MSN-induced SVD to CFTR-inh or SQ22536 (c) in Caco-2 cells. Top panels: Time courses of changes in the mean cell volume. At time 0, each herbal component (400 μg/ml) was applied alone (open circles) or together with 5 mM TEA (filled circles), 10 μM CFTR-inh (filled triangles), or 100 μM SQ22536 (filled diamonds). Bottom panels: Percentage of the cell volume after 30 min of treatment relative to the initial cell volume. Each column represents the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 5). *P < 0.05 compared with the data of each herbal component alone.