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. 2019 Oct 29;9:15490. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51871-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mapping of disc strain across the axial planar surfaces of the lumbar discs from the L2 to S1 at the flexed position with respect to the upright reference frame. (a) Distribution of the average normal (color) and shear (black arrows) strains across the entire disc at the flexed position. Positive (more blue) and negative (more red) values indicate distraction and compression of the disc, respectively, while zero normal strain is displayed as green. Black arrows indicate both the magnitude and direction of shear strains. Superimposed red arrows intersecting the center of the disc indicate the approximate change in shear strain direction from the posterior to anterior end of the disc. (b) Areas exhibiting significantly different normal (left) and shear (right) strain values between segment levels at the flexed position based on non-overlapping ±95% confidence intervals.