Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants*.
| Characteristics | PTSD (n = 61) | Resilience/Recovery (n = 26) | Control (n = 54) | Test statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, year | 42.1 ± 11.6 | 47.3 ± 11.9 | 44.7 ± 9.8 | F = 2.19, p = 0.12 |
| Women | 43 (70.5) | 19 (73.1) | 38 (70.4) | χ2 = 0.07, p = 0.96 |
| Right handedness | 57 (93.4) | 24 (92.3) | 53 (98.1) | p = 0.40 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Time since the index trauma, month | 6.2 ± 4.4 | 8.2 ± 4.9 | N/A | t = 1.93, p = 0.06 |
| Type of index trauma | p = 0.47 | |||
| Physical violence | 15 (24.6) | 8 (30.8) | N/A | |
| Sexual violence | 11 (18.0) | 3 (11.5) | N/A | |
| Life-threatening accident/injury | 4 (6.6) | 4 (15.4) | N/A | |
| Others | 31 (50.8) | 11 (42.3) | N/A | |
| Frequency of trauma exposure | p = 1.00 | |||
| Single exposure | 51 (83.6) | 22 (84.6) | N/A | |
| Repeated exposure | 10 (16.4) | 4 (15.4) | N/A | |
| Type of trauma exposure | χ2 = 0.58, p = 0.45 | |||
| Direct exposure | 42 (68.9) | 20 (76.9) | N/A | |
| Indirect exposure | 19 (31.2) | 6 (23.1) | N/A | |
| Type of sexual violence | p = 0.19 | |||
| Rape | 4 (36.4) | 3 (100.0) | N/A | |
| Sexual assault other than rape | 7 (63.6) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | |
| Psychotropic medication use† | ||||
| Antidepressants | 14 (23.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Antipsychotics/mood stabilizer | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Anxiolytics | 16 (26.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Others | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
*Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
†Participants taking more than one type of psychotropic medications were counted in each category.
Control, trauma-unexposed individuals; N/A, not applicable; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.