Table 3.
Multilevel regression results assessing effects of individual and community level characteristics on contraceptive use among women in Ethiopia, 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
| Variables/ characteristics | Null model | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual characteristics | Community level characteristics | Individual and community-level characteristics | ||
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||
| Educational level of women | ||||
| No formal education (Ref) | ||||
| Primary | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) ** | 1.2(1.0, 1.4) | ||
| Secondary | 1.4(1.1, 1.8) ** | 1.2(0.9, 1.5) | ||
| Higher | 1.5(1.1, 2.0) ** | 1.2(0.8, 1.6) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor(ref) | ||||
| Middle | 1.9(1.5, 2.3) *** | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) *** | ||
| Rich | 2.2(1.8, 2.6) *** | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) *** | ||
| Age | ||||
| 35–39(ref) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1.6(1.1, 2.2) ** | 2.1(1.5, 2.9) *** | ||
| 20–24 | 2.1(1.6, 2.7) *** | 2.5(2.0, 3.2) *** | ||
| 25–29 | 1.7(1.3, 2.1) *** | 1.8(1.5, 2.3) *** | ||
| 30–34 | 1.3((1.0, 1.6) * | 1.4(1.1, 1.7) ** | ||
| 40–44 | 1.0(0.8, 1.4) | 1.0(0.8, 1.3) | ||
| 45–49 | 0.6(0.4, 0.9) * | 0.6(0.4, 0.8) ** | ||
| Number of living children | ||||
| None(ref) | ||||
| 1–4 | 3.6(2.7, 4.7) *** | 3.6(2.8, 4.7) *** | ||
| 5–8 | 3.5(2.5,4.9) *** | 4.0(2.8, 5.5) *** | ||
| > =9 | 2.5(1.3, 4.8) ** | 3.2(1.7, 6.1) *** | ||
| Husband/partner’s occupation | ||||
| Did not work(ref) | ||||
| Farming/unskilled | 2.0(1.5, 2.6) *** | 1.6(1.3, 2.1) *** | ||
| Clerical/sales/services/skilled labor | 2.1(1.6, 2.8) *** | 1.9(1.4, 2.5) *** | ||
| professional/technical/manager | 1.9(1.4, 2.7) *** | 1.9(1.4, 2.7) *** | ||
| Others | 1.5(1.0, 2.2) * | 1.4(0.9, 2.0) | ||
| Exposure to mass media | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.2(1.0, 2.2) * | 1.1(1.0, 1.4) | ||
| Ever had a terminated pregnancy | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 0.7(0.6, 0.9) * | 0.7(0.6,0.9) ** | ||
| Smokes cigarettes | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 0.8(0.4, 1.5) | 0.8(0.4, 1.6) | ||
| Respondent currently working status | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.3(1.1, 1.4) *** | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) ** | ||
| Births in the last 3 years | ||||
| No birth(ref) | ||||
| One birth | 0.5(0.4, 0.6) *** | 0.5(0.4, 0.6) *** | ||
| Two and more births | 0.2(0.1, 0.3) *** | 0.3(0.2, 0.4) *** | ||
| Heard FP messages through media at least once | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.2(1.0, 1.5) * | 1.2(1.0, 1.4) | ||
| Visited Health Facility in the last 12 months | ||||
| No(ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.4(1.3, 1.6) *** | 1.3(1.1, 1.5) *** | ||
| Husbands desire for children | ||||
| Both wants the same(ref) | ||||
| Husband wants more | 0.8(0.7,0.9) ** | 0.8(0.7, 1.0) * | ||
| Husband wants fewer | 1.0(0.7, 1.2) | 0.9(0.7, 1.2) | ||
| Don’t know | 0.8(0.7,0.9) ** | 0.8(0.7, 0.9) ** | ||
| Region | ||||
| Tigray | 1.3(0.8, 2.0) | 1.3(0.9, 2.0) | ||
| Afar | 0.3(0.2, 0.6) *** | 0.4(0.2, 0.6) *** | ||
| Amhara | 2.6(1.7, 4.0) *** | 2.7(1.8, 4.1) *** | ||
| Oromia | 1.5(0.9,2.3) | 1.5(1.0, 2.3) | ||
| Somali | 0.1(0.04, 0.2) *** | .1(0.05, 0.2) *** | ||
| Benishangul | 1.3(0.8, 2.1) | 1.3(0.8, 2.0) | ||
| South Nations Nationalities and Peoples’ Region | 2.0(1.3, 3.1) ** | 2.1(1.4, 3.3) *** | ||
| Gambela | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | ||
| Harari | 1.0(0.6, 1.6) | 0.9(0.6, 1.4) | ||
| Dire dawa | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | 0.8(0.5, 1.3) | ||
| Addis Ababa(ref) | ||||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban(ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.5(0.4, 0.7) *** | 0.7(0.5,0.9) * | ||
| Community-level women employment | ||||
| low(ref) | ||||
| High | 1.3(1.0, 1.5) * | 1.1(0.9, 1.3) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| low(ref) | ||||
| High | 2.3(1.8, 2.9) *** | 1.7(1.4, 2.1) *** | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| low(ref) | ||||
| High | 1.4(1.1, 1.8) ** | 1.2(0.9, 1.5) | ||
| Proportion of Muslims in the cluster | ||||
| low(ref) | ||||
| High | 0.6(0.5, 0.8) *** | 0.6(0.5, 0.8) *** | ||
| Health facility visit | ||||
| Low(ref) | ||||
| High | 1.3(1.0, 1.6) * | 1.1(0.9,1.4) | ||
*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001