Table 1.

Socio-demographic characteristics, clinical condition and diabetes distress scores of the participants in primary care compared to those treated in tertiary care

Variables	Primary care (n = 108)	Tertiary care (n = 524)	Overall (n = 632)	P-value
Socio-demographic characteristics
Male sex	32%	44%	43%	0.235
Age [years]*	62 ± 9	60 ± 10	60 ± 10	0.010
University degree	12%	26%	26%	0.224
Occupation (I/II/III)a,***	10%/40%/50%	31%/34%/35%	29%/35%/36%	< 0.001
Accompanied by caregiver	53%	62%	61%	0.132
Clinical variables
Diabetes duration [years]*	5 (1–14); N = 31	4 (1–10); N = 312	5 (1–10); N = 343	0.028
Type of therapy (I/II/III/IV)b,***	11%/67%/14%/8%	2%/57%/24%/17%	5%/59%/22%/14%	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose (FBG) [mg/dL]	130 (112–134); N = 9	140 (115–179); N = 249	140 (115–180); N = 258	0.440
Postprandial glucose [mg/dL]	167 (160–184); N = 9	192 (151–236); N = 234	190 (153–236); N = 243	0.603
Complications
No complication	47%	33%	32%	0.576
With one complication	33%	37%	36%	0.116
With two or more complications*	17%	23%	26%	0.011
With other serious diseases*	3%	7%	6%	0.011
Diabetes distress
Total score***	28 (21–41)	21 (18–30)	23 (18–35)	< 0.001
Emotional burden***	8 (6–11)	6 (5–9)	7 (5–10)	< 0.001
Physician distress***	7 (5–10)	5 (4–7)	5 (4–8)	< 0.001
Regimen distress***	9 (6–13)	6 (5–9)	7 (5–11)	< 0.001
Interpersonal distress***	4 (3–6)	3 (3–5)	3 (3–6)	< 0.001

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range), and categorical variables are presented as percentages

^aOccupation I, II, III respectively stand for active employee, unemployed, and housewife

^bType of therapy I, II, III, IV respectively stand for Diet or no drugs, OAD, Insulin, Insulin+OAD

***P < 0.001;**P < 0.01;*P < 0.05