Table 3.

Inclusion Criteria

Patient enrollment in tertiary healthcare facilities: 1. Fever reported for ≥3 consecutive days within the last 7 days in patients living in the defined catchment area, OR 2. Patients with clinically suspected TF living in the defined catchment area, OR 3. Blood culture positive for Salmonella Typhi/Salmonella Paratyphi/iNTS (outside SETA) in patients living in the defined catchment area, OR 4. Pathognomonic gastrointestinal perforations (ie, clinically diagnosed TF gastrointestinal perforation), even in the absence of laboratory confirmation, in patients living in and outside the defined catchment area (special cases), AND 5. Informed consent form signed

Patient enrollment in primary and secondary healthcare facilities: 1. Patients living in the defined catchment area presenting to healthcare facility with objective fever of ≥38°C tympanic/rectal AND/OR ≥37.5°C axillary, OR 2. Fever reported for ≥3 consecutive days within the last 7 days in patients living in the defined catchment area, OR 3. Patients with clinically suspected TF living in the defined catchment area, OR 4. Blood culture positive for S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi/iNTS (outside SETA) in patients living in the defined catchment area, OR 5. Pathognomonic gastrointestinal perforations (ie, clinically diagnosed TF gastrointestinal perforation), even in the absence of laboratory confirmation, in patients living in and outside the defined catchment area (special cases), AND 6. Informed consent form signed

Neighborhood controls: 1. Age (±5 years), sex, and residency (neighborhood) matched to S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi/iNTS disease and special cases, AND 2. No subjective or objective fever at any point within 28 days prior to enrollment, AND 3. No subjective or objective fever on the date of case enrollment (“focal time”), AND 4. Informed consent form signed

Household contacts: 1. Immediate household contacts of S. Typhi/S. Paratyphi/iNTS disease and special cases, AND priority should be given to:  (1) Individual(s) who prepares food for the case   (2) Individual(s) closest in age to the case   (3) Individual(s) who spends the most time with the case Alternative household contacts should be enrolled if individuals meeting the above priority do not wish to participate or are not identified. 2. Informed consent form signed

Abbreviations: iNTS, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella; SETA, Severe Typhoid in Africa program; TF, typhoid fever.