Table 3.
Insulin-Only Closed-Loop Inpatient Studies
| System | n | Study Outcomes: Closed Loop vs Open Loop | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average Glucose ± SD [mg/dL (mmol/L)] or Median (IQR1, IQR3) | % CGM Time 70–180 mg/dL (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) | % CGM Time <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) | ||
| Inpatient studies | ||||
| MD-Logic 2012 (85)a | 7 | CGM 122 ± 16 (6.8 ± 0.9) | 63–140 mg/dL (3.5–7.8 mmol/L) | <63 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L) |
| Glucose meter | 83% vs 34% | 0% vs 7% | ||
| 129 ± 12 (7.2 ± 0.7) vs 160 ± 57 (8.9 ± 3.2) | ||||
| Medtronic 2012 (86) | 4 | No control | No control | No control |
| PID + IFB: 153 ± 54 (8.5 ± 3.0) | PID + IFB 70% | PID + IFB 2% | ||
| PID: 133 ± 56 (7.4 ± 3.1) | PID 73% | PID 9% | ||
| Medtronic 2015 (87) | 8 | No control | No control | No control |
| 152 ± 54 (8.4 ± 3) | 67.6% during the day | 2% during the day | ||
| Medtronic 2016 (88)a | 16 | Not reported | No control | No control |
| 70–150 mg/dL (3.9–8.3 mmol/L) | 0% | |||
| 63% | ||||
| DiAs-MMPC algorithm 2017 (47) | 10 | Inpatient: 142 (7.9) | Inpatient: 78% | <50 mg/dL (2.8 mmol/L) |
| Hotel: 152 (8.4) | Hotel: 73% | Inpatient: 0.05% | ||
| Open Loop: 160 (8.9) | Open Loop: 62% | Hotel: 0.2% | ||
| Open loop: 0.4% | ||||
| Insulet 2018 (48) | 58 | No control (vs prior open loop) | No control (vs prior open loop) | No control (vs prior open loop) |
| Adults: 161.5 ± 20.1 (8.9 ± 1.1) vs 155 ± 22.6 (8.6 ± 1.3) | Adults: 69.5% vs 63.8% | Adults: 0.7% vs 5.2% | ||
| Adolescents: 153.4 ± 21.6 (8.5 ± 1.2) vs 165.3 ± 28.3 (9.2 ± 1.6) | Adolescents: 72.6% vs 60% | Adolescents: 2% vs 3.5% | ||
| Pediatrics: 156.9 ± 20.4 (8.7 ± 1.1) vs 160.7 ± 21.1 (8.9 ± 1.2) | Pediatrics: 70.1% vs 63.5% | Pediatrics: 2% vs 3.2% | ||
We use italics when our standards for time in range and hypoglycemia thresholds were not used.
Abbreviations: IFB, insulin feedback algorithm; IQR, interquartile range; MMPC, modular model predictive control.
a
Overnight glycemic outcomes.