Table 2.
Risk of Bias Assessment of Articles Selected for the Qualitative Analyses From the Systematic Literature Review (1990–2018)
| RoB Assessment Criteria (All That Apply) | Study, First Author [Reference] | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parry [19] | Malik [20] | Limpitikul [21] | Kadhiravan [22] | Abucejo [23] | Kabra [10] | Rajajee [12] | Khosla [24] | Walia [16] | Song [25] | Feasey [26] | Wongsawat [27] | Van den bergh [9] | Khan [28] | Rao [29] | Rasaily [30] | Ollé-Goig [31] | Seçmmer [32] | Sharma [33] | Mishra [34] | Mukherjee [35] | |
| Selectiona | L | L | M | M | M | M | M | M | H | M | M | H | L | L | M | H | L | M | H | M | M |
| Selection/recruitment of TF culture-confirmed cases | |||||||||||||||||||||
| From overall hospital visits/lab records (L) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
| From patients with suspected typhoid fever /other criteria (M) | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||
| Selection/ recruitment not described (H) | X | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exclusion of typhoid fever culture-confirmed cases | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exclusion criteria reported (L) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Exclusion criteria not reported (M) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Based on AMR, pretreatment, or incomplete medical file (H) | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||||
| Identification and measurment of complicationsa | L | L | L | L | M | L | M | M | L | L | L | L | L | L | M | H | M | M | M | M | H |
| Definition of reported complications | |||||||||||||||||||||
| All/some complications defined (L) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| No complications defined (M) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Complications measured from | |||||||||||||||||||||
| All selected typhoid fever cases included for analysis (L) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | Xb | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Subset of selected typhoid fever cases included for analysis (H) | X | X | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reportinga | L | L | L | L | M | L | M | M | L | M | M | M | M | M | H | L | H | H | H | M | H |
| Complications reported | |||||||||||||||||||||
| All observed complications counted and reported (L) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| All observed complications counted but not all reported (M) | X | X | |||||||||||||||||||
| Some complications counted and reported (H) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Key risk factors/information to interpret result | |||||||||||||||||||||
| AMR analysis and days of disease before admission/recruitment reported (L) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||
| AMR analysis not reported (M) | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||||
| Days of disease before admission/recruitment not reported (M) | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Overall RoBa | L | L | M | M | M | M | M | M | H | M | M | H | M | M | H | H | H | H | H | M | H |
Abbreviations: AMR, antimicrobial resistance; H, high; L, low; M, medium; RoB, risk of bias.
aFor each subgroup (Selection, Detection, Reporting) and for the overall RoB assessment, RoB was decided based on the following criteria: All criteria evaluated with a “low” RoB, then RoB for that section is “low”; 1 criterion evaluated with a “medium” RoB, then RoB for that section is “medium”; 1 criteria evaluated with a “high” RoB, then RoB for that section is “high.” The results from each subgroup assessment were used for the overall RoB.
bComplications are not reported for 31% (39/127) of culture-confirmed typhoid fever cases identified during the study. However, the cases from which complications were reported were randomly selected (88/127) and for this reason, considered not biased and included in the meta-analysis.