Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with traumatic microbleeds
| Total | Absence | Presence | P-value | χ2 (df) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 439 | n = 305 | n = 134 | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | |||||
| 18–30 | 121 (28%) | 89 (29%) | 32 (24%) | 0.109 | 9.712 (3) |
| 31–64 | 255 (58%) | 179 (59%) | 76 (57%) | ||
| 65+ | 63 (14%) | 37 (12%) | 26 (19%) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 320 (73%) | 219 (72%) | 101 (75%) | 0.739 | 0.605 (2) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 281 (64%) | 190 (62%) | 91 (68%) | 0.118 | 4.270 (2) |
| African-American | 122 (28%) | 93 (30%) | 29 (22%) | ||
| Other | 36 (8%) | 22 (7%) | 14 (10%) | ||
| Emergency department intake | |||||
| Trauma level | |||||
| Level 1 | 208 (47%) | 141 (46%) | 67 (50%) | 0.266 | 0.531 (1) |
| Level 2 | 231 (53%) | 164 (54%) | 67 (50%) | ||
| Injury cause | |||||
| Road traffic accident | 206 (47%) | 144 (47%) | 62 (46%) | 0.029 | 10.805 (4) |
| Incidental fall | 161 (37%) | 103 (34%) | 58 (43%) | ||
| Other non-intentional Injury | 18 (4%) | 17 (6%) | 1 (1%) | ||
| Violence/assault | 48 (11%) | 38 (12%) | 10 (7%) | ||
| Other | 6 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 3 (2%) | ||
| GCS, n* | 426 | 295 | 131 | ||
| 15 | 294 (69%) | 217 (73%) | 77 (59%) | 0.021 | 9.712 (3) |
| 14 | 87 (20%) | 52 (18%) | 35 (27%) | ||
| <13 | 45 (11%) | 26 (9%) | 19 (14%) | ||
| TBI diagnosis | |||||
| Mild | 365 (83%) | 268 (88%) | 97 (72%) | 0.001 | 16.671 (2) |
| Moderate | 55 (13%) | 29 (9%) | 26 (20%) | ||
| Severe | 19 (4%) | 8 (3%) | 11 (8%) | ||
| Clinical CT | |||||
| CT | 310 (71%) | 250 (82%) | 60 (45%) | 0.001 | 62.058 (1) |
| Parenchymal haemorrhage | 385 (88%) | 280 (92%) | 105 (78%) | 0.001 | 15.601 (1) |
| Extra-axial haemorrhage | 323 (74%) | 257 (84%) | 66 (49%) | 0.001 | 58.689 (1) |
| Clinical risk factors | |||||
| Patient endorsed concomitant medications | |||||
| Anticoagulant | 13 (3%) | 9 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 1 | 0 (1) |
| Antihypertensive | 80 (18%) | 51 (17%) | 29 (22%) | 0.229 | 1.513 (1) |
| Antiplatelet | 28 (6%) | 14 (5%) | 14 (10%) | 0.032 | 5.349(1) |
| Lipid lowering | 58 (13%) | 34 (11%) | 24 (18%) | 0.066 | 3.713 (1) |
| Patient endorsed medical history | |||||
| Coronary artery disease | 13 (3%) | 9 (3%) | 4 (3%) | 1 | 0 (1) |
| Diabetes | 37 (8%) | 25 (8%) | 12 (9%) | 0.852 | 0.069 (1) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 94 (21%) | 56 (18%) | 38 (28%) | 0.023 | 5.530 (1) |
| Hypertension | 112 (26%) | 75 (25%) | 37 (28%) | 0.552 | 0.447 (1) |
| Stroke | 15 (3%) | 9 (3%) | 6 (4%) | 0.405 | 0.658 (1) |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 12 (3%) | 7 (2%) | 5 (4%) | 0.525 | 0.722 (1) |
| Valvular disease | 7 (2%) | 2 (1%) | 5 (4%) | 0.030 | 5.612 (1) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 2 (1%) | 0.222 | 1.861 (1) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10 (2%) | 7 (2%) | 3 (2%) | 1 | 0.001 (1) |
a
GCS at time of arrival to emergency department (ED) was not documented for all patients. Percentages reflect sample size (n numbers) revealed in this row.
Significance (bold) was determined for any P-value < 0.05.