Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients according to their smoking habits.
| Total (n = 478248) |
Never-smoker (n = 327819) |
Ex-smoker (n = 43162) |
Current smoker (n = 107267) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.27±9.60 | 55.07±9.72 | 53.36±91.41 | 52.20±8.92 | < .001 |
| Male sex | 257028 (53.7%) | 114225 (34.8%) | 41161(95.4%) | 101642 (94.8%) | < .001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.99±2.98 | 24.05±3.01 | 24.26±2.76 | 23.69±2.95 | < .001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.08±17.84 | 126.76±18.16 | 128.38±16.71 | 127.56±17.27 | < .001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.33±11.47 | 78.82±11.53 | 80.68±11.06 | 80.34±11.35 | < .001 |
| Economic status, n (%) | < .001 | ||||
| Covered by medical aid | 1549 (0.3%) | 1107 (0.3%) | 98 (0.2%) | 344 (0.3%) | |
| First quintile (lowest) | 75180 (15.7%) | 55188 (16.8%) | 4446 (10.3%) | 15546 (14.5%) | |
| Second quintile | 65576 (13.7%) | 46963 (14.3%) | 4396 (10.2%) | 14217 (13.3%) | |
| Third quintile | 75001 (15.7%) | 50369 (15.4%) | 5971 (13.8%) | 18661 (17.4%) | |
| Fourth quintile | 99116 (20.7%) | 65833 (20.1%) | 9327 (21.6%) | 23956 (22.3%) | |
| Fifth quintile | 161826 (33.8%) | 108359 (33.1%) | 18924 (43.8%) | 34543 (32.2%) | |
| Underlying disease (%) | |||||
| HTN | 98342 (20.6%) | 74105 (22.6%) | 8725 (20.2%) | 15512 (14.5%) | < .001 |
| DM | 28382 (5.9%) | 19761 (6.0%) | 2685 (6.2%) | 5936 (5.5%) | < .001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 74339 (15.5%) | 54672 (16.7%) | 7107 (16.5%) | 12560 (11.7%) | < .001 |
| CKD | 1445 (0.3%) | 1093 (0.3%) | 136 (0.3%) | 216 (0.2%) | < .001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199.76±37.78 | 200.30±37.91 | 199.38±36.80 | 198.26±37.71 | < .001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 98.47±31.76 | 97.55±30.65 | 100.05±29.53 | 100.67±35.58 | < .001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.88±1.52 | 13.49±1.47 | 14.68±1.22 | 14.78±1.23 | < .001 |
| AST | 26.60±17.34 | 25.62±15.59 | 28.07±18.34 | 28.97±21.28 | < .001 |
| ALT | 25.40±20.26 | 23.74±18.62 | 29.06±22.98 | 29.00±23.05 | < .001 |
| Medication (%) | |||||
| Warfarin | 482 (0.1%) | 351 (0.1%) | 64 (0.1%) | 67 (0.1%) | < .001 |
| Aspirin | 19683 (4.1%) | 14659 (4.5%) | 1895 (4.4%) | 3129 (2.9%) | < .001 |
| Clopidogrel | 917 (0.2%) | 661 (0.2%) | 117 (0.3%) | 139 (0.1%) | < .001 |
| Ticlopidine | 551 (0.1%) | 409 (0.1%) | 55 (0.1%) | 87 (0.1%) | 0.001 |
| ACEi or ARB | 26158 (5.5%) | 19015 (5.8%) | 2792 (6.5%) | 4351 (4.1%) | < .001 |
| Beta blocker | 25399 (5.3%) | 19273 (5.9%) | 2198 (5.1%) | 3928 (3.7%) | < .001 |
| CCB | 29717 (6.2%) | 22103 (6.7%) | 2761 (6.4%) | 4853 (4.5%) | < .001 |
| Statin | 11931 (2.5%) | 8923 (2.7%) | 1175 (2.7%) | 1833 (1.7%) | < .001 |
BMI; body mass index, SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, HTN; hypertension, DM; diabetes mellitus, CKD; chronic kidney disease, AST; aspartate transaminase, ALT; alanine transaminase, ACEi; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB; Angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB; calcium channel blocker