Table 1. Distributions of the case and control groups according to the characteristics of the newborn: Crude Odds Ratio with respective confidence intervals. Montes Claros, MG, Brazil, 2015/2016.
| Variables | Case (n=253) | Control (n=886) | ORcrude (95%CI) | p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Characteristics of the newborn | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 203 (80.2) | 449 (50.7) | 3.95 (2.82-5.53) | <0.001 |
| Female | 50 (19.8) | 437 (49.3) | Reference | |
| Pre-term (<37 weeks) | ||||
| Yes | 45 (17.8) | 111 (12.5) | 1.41 (0.97-2.06) | 0.071 |
| No | 208 (82.2) | 775 (87.5) | Reference | |
| Low weight at birth (<2,500 g) | ||||
| Yes | 40 (15.8) | 93 (10.5) | 1.60 (1.07-2.39) | 0.020 |
| No | 213 (84.2) | 793 (89.5) | Reference | |
| Very low weight at birth (<1,500 g) | ||||
| Yes | 13 (5.1) | 14 (1.6) | 3.37 (1.57-7.27) | 0.001 |
| No | 240 (94.9) | 872 (98.4) | Reference | |
| Weight/gestational age | ||||
| SGA | 15 (5.9) | 23 (2.6) | 2.33 (1.19-4.56) | 0.013 |
| LGA | 44 (17.4) | 169 (19.1) | 0.93 (0.65-1.35) | 0.705 |
| Normal | 194 (76.7) | 694 (78.3) | Reference | |
| Fetal distress | ||||
| Yes | 50 (19.8) | 82 (9.3) | 2.42 (1.65-3.55) | <0.001 |
| No | 203 (80.2) | 804 (90.7) | Reference | |
| Congenital malformation | ||||
| Yes | 20 (7.9) | 16 (1.8) | 4.67 (2.38-9.15) | <0.001 |
| No | 233 (92.1) | 870 (98.2) | Reference | |
| Jaundice | ||||
| Yes | 76 (30.0) | 188 (21.2) | 1.595 (1.65-2.18) | 0.003 |
| No | 177 (70.0) | 698 (78.8) | Reference | |
| Anemia | ||||
| Yes | 18 (7.1) | 37 (4.2) | 1.76 (0.98-3.14) | 0.054 |
| No | 235 (92.9) | 849 (95.8) | Reference | |
| Infection | ||||
| Yes | 35 (13.8) | 63 (7.1) | 2.10 (1.35-3.25) | 0.001 |
| No | 218 (86.2) | 823 (92.9) | Reference | |
| Fever | ||||
| Yes | 34 (13.4) | 70 (7.9) | 1.81 (1.17-2.80) | 0.007 |
| No | 219 (86.6) | 816 (92.1) | Reference | |
| Admission to the NICU | ||||
| Yes | 43 (17.0) | 62 (7.0) | 2.72 (1.79-4.13) | <0.001 |
| No | 210 (83.0) | 824 (93.0) | Reference | |
| Absence of crying at birth | ||||
| Yes | 44 (17.4) | 63 (7.1) | 2.75 (1.81-4.16) | <0.001 |
| No | 209 (82.6) | 823 (92.9) | Reference | |
| Difficulty initiating breathing | ||||
| Yes | 81 (32.0) | 141 (15.9) | 2.49 (1.81-3.43) | <0.001 |
| No | 172 (68.0) | 745 (84.1) | Reference | |
| Oxygen administration | ||||
| Yes | 80 (31.6) | 174 (19.6) | 1.89 (1.38-2.59) | <0.001 |
| No | 173 (68.4) | 712 (80.4) | Reference | |
| Hypoxia | ||||
| Yes | 60 (23.7) | 114 (12.9) | 2.11 (1.48-2.99) | <0.001 |
| No | 193 (76.3) | 772 (87.1) | Reference | |
95%CI: 95% confidence interval; *chi-square test; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age; NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.