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. 2019 Jul 24;110(5):1119–1130. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz141

TABLE 2.

Effect analyses of 12 mo of vitamin D supplementation compared with placebo on the primary and secondary outcomes (modified ITT)1

Crude model2 Adjusted model3
Characteristic n B/ratio 95% CI P B/ratio 95% CI P
Primary outcomes B B
 Depressive symptoms (CES-D) 150 −0.25 −2.37, 1.87 0.82 −0.14 −2.36, 2.08 0.90
 Functional limitations
  Number 150 −0.12 −0.42, 0.18 0.42 −0.11 −0.42, 0.20 0.48
   Baseline 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L 94 0.15 −0.25, 0.54 0.46 0.22 −0.20, 0.63 0.31
   Baseline 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L 56 −0.62 −1.08, −0.17 0.008 −0.65 −1.11, −0.19 0.006
  Severity 150 0.02 −0.45, 0.50 0.93 −0.03 −0.52, 0.46 0.91
   Baseline 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L 94 0.35 −0.25, 0.96 0.25 0.30 −0.35, 0.94 0.36
   Baseline 25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L 56 −0.61 −1.39, 0.18 0.13 −0.64 −1.44, 0.16 0.12
  Physical performance (SPPB) 151 −0.05 −0.63, 0.54 0.88 −0.20 −0.79, 0.38 0.49
Secondary outcomes
 Health-related quality of life B B
 EQ-5D index score 150 −0.02 −0.07, 0.02 0.35 −0.02 −0.06, 0.03 0.52
  Men 64 0.03 −0.03, 0.10 0.31 0.03 −0.04, 0.11 0.34
  Women 86 −0.06 −0.12, −0.00 0.046 −0.05 −0.11, 0.01 0.11
 EQ-5D visual analog scale 149 −3.14 −6.99, 0.72 0.11 −3.31 −7.32, 0.70 0.11
 SF-36 Mental Component 148 −0.31 −2.01, 1.39 0.72 −0.22 −1.97, 1.54 0.81
 SF-36 Physical Component 148 −0.26 −1.67, 1.14 0.71 −0.22 −1.67, 1.23 0.77
 SF-36 Physical functioning subscale 140 0.32 −3.79, 4.43 0.88 0.27 −3.94, 4.48 0.90
 Handgrip strength 150 −0.56 −1.66, 0.53 0.31 −0.65 −1.80, 0.50 0.27
Ratio Ratio
 Anxiety symptoms (BAI)4 147 1.05 0.86, 1.27 0.65 1.03 0.84, 1.26 0.79
 Cognitive function (Stroop test)4 146 0.98 0.86, 1.13 0.83 0.97 0.84, 1.12 0.67
 Timed up-and-go test4 148 1.02 0.95, 1.08 0.63 1.03 0.97, 1.10 0.32
  Younger-old group (60–70 y) 100 1.00 0.93, 1.08 0.99 1.03 0.95, 1.11 0.47
  Older-old group (71–80 y) 48 1.02 0.92, 1.13 0.66 1.03 0.92, 1.14 0.62
1

Linear mixed-model analyses. Explorative stratified analyses are italicized. Ps for interaction for the stratified analyses: number of functional limitations: P = 0.020; severity of functional limitations: P = 0.084; EQ-5D index score: P = 0.041; timed up-and-go test: P = 0.087. BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale; EQ-5D, EuroQoL-5 Dimensions; ITT, intention to treat; SF-36, Short Form–36 Health Survey; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery.

2

Adjusted for the baseline value of the outcome variable.

3

Additionally adjusted for alcohol use and smoking.

4

Analyzed with ln-transformed outcome variable, the Bs and 95% CIs were transformed back and should be interpreted as ratios, here representing the difference between the intervention and placebo groups. For example, a ratio of 1.05 should be interpreted as a 5% higher outcome score in the intervention group compared with the placebo group.