TABLE 3.
Baseline characteristics1
| AA arm | MM arm | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA (n = 42) | Placebo (n = 43) | MM (n = 42) | Placebo (n = 43) | |
| Sex, M:F | 16:26 | 11:32 | 12:30 | 15:28 |
| Age, y | 35 [28, 46] | 42 [24, 51] | 40 [21, 47] | 40 [30, 46] |
| HIV seropositive | 13 (31%) | 14 (33%) | 16 (38%) | 11 (26%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 [19.9, 25.1] | 22.3 [20.5, 27.7] | 23.1 [20.2, 26.7] | 22.0 [19.9, 25.9] |
| MUAC, cm | 27.3 [25.4, 30.1] | 28.5 [25.8, 32.0] | 28.3 [25.4, 31.1] | 27.9 [25.4, 31.3] |
| Grip strength, kg | 31.8 [25.0, 39.2] | 29.2 [27.1, 36.9] | 30.7 [27.7, 36.1] | 31.2 [25.7, 37.7] |
| Fat percentage, by impedance | 24.1 [14.7, 30.0] | 25.3 [17.6, 36.2] | 25.2 [16.5, 31.6] | 24.1 [15.7, 34.4] |
| Fat percentage, by plethysmography | 24.5 [17.3, 34.3] | 30.9 [19.3, 40.6] | 30.3 [17.6, 37.6] | 28.5 [17.3, 36.1] |
| VH, μm | 185 [154, 217] | 218 [201, 250] | 202 [181, 252] | 206 [170, 235] |
| CD, μm | 163 [141, 196] | 163 [150, 198] | 157 [135, 194] | 174 [152, 199] |
| VW, μm | 230 [210, 263] | 222 [197, 268] | 221 [202, 253] | 230 [205, 267] |
| VP, μm, per unit mucosa | 865 [702, 1030] | 987 [868, 1134] | 931 [788, 1072] | 913 [772, 1090] |
| VA, μm2, per unit mucosa | 30,061 [23,036, 37,178] | 32,328 [27,992, 40,093] | 31,998 [23,619, 37,642] | 31,288 [24,892, 37,200] |
| Fluorescein leak, % fields | 85 [66, 91] | 79 [57, 89] | 80 [56, 91] | 86 [75, 91] |
| p4E-BP1 positive LP CD4+, % | 48 [41, 57] | 60 [45, 66] | 58 [46, 65] | 49 [36, 62] |
| LPS, EU/mL | 158 [106, 257] | 155 [94, 232] | 173 [108, 251] | 150 [89, 244] |
| CRP, μmol/mL | 1.9 [0.6, 3.6] | 3.9 [1.1, 9.0] | 2.2 [0.6, 7.2] | 2.7 [0.9, 8.5] |
| sCD14, μmol/mL | 1.8 [1.4, 2.4] | 1.9 [1.4, 2.3] | 1.7 [1.4, 2.4] | 1.9 [1.5, 2.3] |
| GLP-2, ng/mL | 0.76 [0, 1.4] | 0.92 [0.5, 1.4] | 0.75 [0.5, 1.5] | 0.88 [0.5, 1.4] |
1Values are given as median [IQR] unless otherwise stated. Fluorescein leak was defined as Watson grade II or III defects (see Methods and Figure 1 for further details), and scored as the percentage of unique endomicroscopic fields displaying leaks. The percentage of p4E-BP1 positive LP CD4+ represents the proportion of LP CD4+ that responds to nutrient stimulation in vitro (see the Methods for details). AA, amino acid; CD, crypt depth; CRP, C-reactive protein; F, female; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2; LP CD4+, lamina propria CD4+ T cell; M, male; MM, multiple micronutrient; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; p4E-BP1, phospho-4E-binding protein 1 (marker of MTORC1 activation); sCD14, soluble CD14; VA, villus cross-sectional area per 100 μm muscularis mucosae; VH, villus height; VP, villus perimeter per 100 μm muscularis mucosae; VW, villus width.