Table 1.

Vitamin D and human health.

Adverse health outcomes significantly associated with low serum 25(OH)D level
Low bone density	Obesity
Hip fractures	Insulin resistance
Non-vertebral fractures	Type 1 diabetes
Heart attack	Type 2 diabetes
Hypertension	Cancer
Stroke	Preterm delivery
Neurocognitive dysfunction	Pre-eclampsia
Proximal muscle weakness	Inflammation/infection
Autoimmune diseases	Multiple sclerosis

Numerous health conditions have been associated with low total serum levels of 25(OH)D and are listed in the table. Conditions pertaining to bone health are indicated in blue. Table is based on reviews by Rosen et al. (2) and Rosen and Taylor (4).