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. 2019 Oct 30;9:15601. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51648-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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We designed 5 groups as follows: normal diet control (n = 6), HFD-induced obesity (n = 7), HFD/EMP (n = 5), HFD/DUL (n = 7), and HFD/combi (n = 7). Weight changes among groups (A), gross appearance and volume of internal organ in control group (left) and HFD group (right) (B), baseline fasting glucose level among groups at week 0 (C), fasting glucose level among groups at week 12 (D), baseline GTT-AUC among groups at week 0 (E), GTT-AUC among groups at week 12 (F), serum level of leptin (G) and insulin (H) among groups at week 12. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used in Fig. 2A and one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used in Fig. 2C-F. HFD, high-fat diet; EMP, empagliflozin; DUL, dulaglutide; combi, combination of EMP and DUL; GTT, glucose tolerance test; AUC, area under the curve.