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. 2019 Oct 30;9:15570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51759-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pupil dilation rate to familiar and unfamiliar snippets. (A) Top: Main group. The solid curves plot the average pupil dilation rate across participants for “familiar” (blue) and “unfamiliar” (red) conditions. The shaded area represents one standard deviation from the bootstrap mean. The grey boxes indicate time intervals where the two conditions were significantly different (108–135, 206–232, and 282–319 ms). The dashed lines indicate the time interval used for the resampling statistic in (B). Bottom: Control group. The solid curves plot the average pupil dilation rate over 10 randomly selected control datasets. The shaded area represents one standard deviation of the bootstrap mean. No significant differences were observed throughout the entire epoch. (B) Results of the resampling analysis to compare the difference between “familiar” and “unfamiliar” conditions between the main and control groups (averages are computed over the time interval 108–319 ms, indicated via dashed lines in (A)). The grey histogram shows the distribution of differences between conditions for the control group (H0 distribution). The red dot indicates the observed difference in the main group.