Table 3.

The data from pharmacokinetic studies refer to healthy volunteers (n = total number of volunteers) with data on bioavailability (f), dosing interval (τ), apparent total clearance (CL_t/f) and its standard deviation (SD), average elimination half-life (t_½), the mean dose related concentration (DRC) factor with its lower limit for two time intervals between last dose and blood sampling (Δt). The last column cites the therapeutic reference range as retrieved from Schulz et al.¹⁷.

Drug	n	f	τ [h]	CLt/f [ml/min]	SD [ml/min]	t1/2 [h]	Δt [h]	DRC factor [ng/ml/mg]	lower DRC factor [ng/ml/mg]	reference	therapeutic range [ng/ml]17
Atenolol	30	0.55	24 12	178.3a	38.4	6.1	24 12	0.404 0.998	0.356 0.880	28, 34, 35	200–450
Bisoprolol	32	0.88	24 12	337.0a	76.2	14.7	24 12	1.111 1.533	0.860 1.186	36, 37	10–100
Metoprolol tartrate	10	0.55	24 12	1454.6a	181.8	4.1	24 12	0.034 0.147	0.030 0.128	14, 38	20–60018
Metoprolol succinateb	24	0.45	24 12	2857.2a	478.0	3.0	24 12	0.005 0.045	0.004 0.037	39, 40
Nebivolol	69	0.12 EMd	24 12	7166.7a	1611.1	10.3	24 12	0.039 0.063	0.030 0.049	26, 41, 42	<20
		0.96 PMd	24 12	307.3a	n/a	33.0	24 12	1.738 1.987	n/a n/a
Canrenonec	25	0.25	24 12	1208.0a	520.0	14.9	24 12	0.312 0.429	0.178 0.244	43, 44	100–250
Furosemide	11	0.47	24 12	589.5a	150.0	1.9	24 12	0.002 0.066	0.001 0.049	45	2000–5000
HCT	58	0.65	24 12	569.4a	172.5	10.6	24 12	0.501 0.802	0.349 0.559	14, 26	40–2000
Torasemide	37	0.79	24 12	43.0	9.8	3.7	24 12	0.819 4.287	0.632 3.310	46– 48	n/a

^aClearance is calculated by dividing the dose by the AUC.

^bSustained-release formulation.

^cAdministered as spironolactone.

^dGenetic polymorphism: data for extensive metabolizers (EM) was used in the present study which differ markedly from those for poor metabolizers (PM).