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. 2019 Oct 30;9:15678. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51680-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SR-FTIR analysis of T. rex vascular tissue, NaBH₄ reduced T. rex vascular tissue, chicken type I collagen without treatment, and chicken type I collagen treated with Fenton reagent and iron-catalysed glycation. (a,b) Average FTIR spectra in the non-peptide carbonyl and protein amide I regions for all five samples. (a) Significant reduction in the non-peptide carbonyl band follows treatment of T. rex vascular tissue with NaBH₄, which reduces (immature) peptide crosslinks. The blue-shifted Amide I band of the dinosaur tissue, Fenton reagent-treated chicken type I collagen, and Fe-catalysed glycation-treated chicken type I collagen indicate increasing α-helix structure (~1660 cm⁻¹) as the higher-energy triple-helix and intermolecular sub-bands (see Fig. 1 for method of identification) increasingly predominate the spectra. The development of aldehydic carbonyl, ketoaldehyde, and/or immature ketoimine bands in both treated chicken tissues is consistent with the strong carbonyl band in the dinosaur tissue.