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. 2019 Oct 30;10:4930. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12938-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Common characteristics of wettability onto various lithiophobic substrates. a Δ_rG for some feasible reactions at 250 °C to improve the wettability. b Bond energies of the newly formed bonds. c Electronegativities of various elements in the periodic table and Δ_rG of elements or compounds reacted with the molten Li. The elements in green and blue colors represent the elements could react with molten Li at the temperature of 180–300 °C, and form new chemical bonds, which is responsible for the improved wettability