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. 2019 Oct 30;9:15598. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52130-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viperin expression inhibits intracellular bacteria infection of cells in vitro. (A) Viperin was transiently expressed 24 hours prior to invasion with S.flexneri in 293T and HeLa cells, and RNA harvested at the indicated times; graphs represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. 293T cells were transiently transfected with viperin 24 hours prior to invasion with either (B) S. flexneri, or (C) L. monocytogenes, and CFU counts performed at the indicated times. Graphs represent the mean and standard deviation of three independent experiments performed in triplicate for S. flexneri and in quadruplicate for L. monocytogenes, *p < 0.0001.