TABLE 3.

Effects of fecal microbiota transplantation in sows and/or dietary supplementation of inulin in offspring for 42 days postweaning on intestinal histology^a

Parameter	Sow effect				Offspring effect
	Mean value for group		SEM	P value	Mean value for group		SEM	P value
	Control	FMTp			Control	Inulin
Villus height
Duodenum	469	483	10.1	0.34	472	480	10.1	0.56
Jejunum	192	191	10.3	0.93	192	190	10.3	0.91
Ileum	463	425	10.1	0.001	438	451	10.0	0.36
Villus width
Duodenum	163	162	4.1	0.78	163	161	4.0	0.77
Jejunum	28	27	4.0	0.85	26	29	4.0	0.58
Ileum	162	162	4.2	0.42	160	160	4.1	0.98
Villus area
Duodenum	1,024	1,056	22.1	0.32	1,031	1,049	22.1	0.56
Jejunum	1,201	1,191	22.5	0.76	1,199	1,193	22.4	0.84
Ileum	1,046	965	22.0	0.01	9,92	1,019	22.1	0.39
Crypt depth
Duodenum	457	415	20.5	0.14	446	426	20.5	0.49
Jejunum	121	117	20.9	0.87	122	116	20.8	0.82
Ileum	329	332	20.6	0.91	353	308	20.6	0.12
Villus height/crypt depth
Duodenum	1.09	1.24	0.097	0.28	1.16	1.18	0.098	0.89
Jejunum	1.64	1.75	0.100	0.44	1.64	1.75	0.100	0.44
Ileum	1.49	1.32	0.098	0.23	1.28	1.52	0.099	0.09
No. of goblet cells per villus
Duodenum	36	37	1.2	0.51	37	36	1.2	0.71
Jejunum	26	31	1.3	0.01	29	28	1.3	0.55
Ileum	33	32	1.2	0.79	31	33	1.2	0.13
No. of goblet cells/μm villus height
Duodenum	0.08	0.08	0.004	0.93	0.08	0.07	0.004	0.60
Jejunumb	0.13	0.016	0.004	<0.001	0.15	0.05	0.004	0.93
Ileum	0.07	0.07	0.004	0.47	0.07	0.07	0.004	0.72

^aData are from 32 pigs (at the sow treatment level, n = 16 for the CON group and n = 16 for the FMTp group; at the offspring treatment level, n = 16 for the CON group and n = 16 for the INU group). Standard errors of the means are depicted.

^bThis was also impacted due to a sow × offspring interaction (details are given in Table S1 in the supplemental material).