TLC analysis of cell-free extracts (CFEs) on different β-galactosides. (A) Activity on lactose. Lane 1: glucose; lane 2: lactose and galactose; lanes 3 and 16: lactose in the reaction mix; lanes 4 to 7: wild-type strain 6475 CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; lanes 8 to 11: ΔlacA CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; and lanes 12 to 15: ΔlacM CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h. (B) Activity on GOS disaccharides. Lane 1: glucose; lane 2: lactose and galactose; lane 3: GOS; lanes 4 and 17: disaccharides in the reaction mix; lanes 5 to 8: 6475 CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; lanes 9 to 12: ΔlacA CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; and lanes 13 to 16: ΔlacM CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h. (C) Activity on GOS trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides. Lane 1: glucose; lane 2: lactose and galactose; lane 3: GOS; lanes 4 and 17: oligosaccharides in the reaction mix; lanes 5 to 8: 6475 CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; lanes 9 to 12: ΔlacA CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h; and lanes 13 to 16: ΔlacM CFEs at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h.