Table 1.
Validation and monitoring frameworks of BITs. BIT: behavioral intervention technology.
| Frameworks | Authors, year |
| 1. Waterfall model | Royce, 1970 [28] |
| 2. PRECEDE-PROCEEDa model | Green, 1974 [29] |
| 3. Prototyping model | Floyd, 1984 [30] |
| 4. Five-phase cancer control model | Greenwald and Cullen, 1985 [31] |
| 5. Flay’s eight-stage health promotion model | Flay, 1986 [32] |
| 6. V life cycle model | Rook, 1986 [33] |
| 7. Spiral life cycle model | Boehm, 1988 [34] |
| 8. Star life cycle model | Harston and Dix, 1989 [35] |
| 9. Rapid application development | Martin, 1991 [36] |
| 10. National Institute on Drug Abuse’s (NIDA) stage model | Onken et al, 1997 [37] |
| 11. Intervention mapping | Bartholomew et al, 1998 [38] |
| 12. Usability engineering life cycle | Mayhew, 1999 [39] |
| 13. Agile software management | Beck et al, 2001 [40] |
| 14. Information technology (IT) implementation framework | Kukafka et al, 2003 [41] |
| 15. Multiphase Optimization STrategy (MOST) | Collins et al, 2005 [42] |
| 16. Framework for evaluating emergent eHealth resources | Pagliari, 2007 [43] |
| 17. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement for nonpharmacologic treatments | Boutron et al, 2008 [44] (updated in Boutron et al, 2017 [45]) |
| 18. Iterative and incremental model | Cockburn, 2008 [46] |
| 19. Medical Research Council (MRC) complex intervention | Craig et al, 2008 [47] |
| 20. eHealth interventions evaluation process | Catwell and Sheikh, 2009 [48] |
| 21. Center for eHealth Research (CeHRes) roadmap for the development of eHealth technologies | Van Gemert-Pijnen et al, 2011 [49], and Van Velsen et al, 2013 [50] |
| 22. The behavior change wheel | Michie et al, 2011 [51] |
| 23. Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials of Electronic and Mobile HEalth Applications and onLine TeleHealth (CONSORT-EHEALTH) | Eysenbach et al, 2011 [52], and Eysenbach et al, 2013 [53] |
| 24. mHealth development and evaluation framework | Whittaker et al, 2012 [17] |
| 25. Explore Values, Operationalize and Learn, and eValuate Efficacy (EVOLVE) mixed-methods model | Peterson et al, 2013 [54] |
| 26. Development process of Young and Active | Riiser et al, 2013 [55] |
| 27. It’s LiFe! User-centered design process | Van der Weegen et al, 2013 [56] |
| 28. DoTTIb development framework | Smits et al, 2014 [57] |
| 29. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stage model | Onken et al, 2014 [58] |
| 30. Behavioral intervention technology model | Mohr et al, 2014 [12] |
| 31. Five-step content validity process | Kassam-Adams et al, 2015 [59] |
| 32. Steps for developing a text-messaging program | Abroms et al, 2015 [60] |
| 33. Person-based approach | Riiser et al, 2013 [55], and Yardley et al, 2015 [61] |
| 34. Obesity-Related Behavioral Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model | Van der Weegen et al, 2013 [56], and Czajkowski et al, 2015 [62] |
| 35. Pragmatic Framework for developing just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) | Smits et al, 2014 [57], and Nahum-Shani et al, 2015 [63] |
| 36. TElehealth in CHronic disease (TECH) conceptual model | Salisbury et al, 2015 [64] |
| 37. Network for the Improvement of Addiction Treatment (NIATx) model | Gustafson et al, 2016 [65] |
| 38. Integrate, Design, Assess, and Share (IDEAS) framework | Mummah et al, 2016 [66] |
| 39. Chronic disease mHealth app intervention design framework | Wilhide III et al, 2016 [67] |
| 40. Three-phase human-centered design methodology | Harte et al, 2017 [68] |
| 41. DREAM-GLOBALc framework | Maar et al, 2017 [69] |
| 42. Processes and recommendations for creating mHealth apps for low-income populations | Stephan et al, 2017 [70] |
| 43. Accelerated Creation-To-Sustainment (ACTS) model | Mohr et al, 2017 [71] |
| 44. User-centered design process | Vilardaga et al, 2018 [72] |
| 45. Eight-step scoping framework | Davidson et al, 2019 [73] |
| 46. Targeting, Understanding, Designing, Evaluating, and Refining (TUDER) framework | Wang et al, 2019 [74] |
aPRECEDE-PROCEED: Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation—Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.
bDoTTI: Design and develOpment, Testing early iterations, Testing for effectiveness, Integration and implementation.
cDREAM-GLOBAL: Diagnosing hypeRtension—Engaging Action and Management in Getting LOwer Bp in Aboriginal and LMIC (lower- and middle-income countries).