Figure 4.

Metabolite changes in the hippocampus of rats 12 weeks post-STZ revealed a pattern of metabolic dysfunction characteristic of polyol pathway activation. (A) The percentage of identified and quantified metabolites that were up-regulated in the hippocampus in diabetes are shown in red (and include glucose, fructose and sorbitol), those down-regulated are shown in green (including scyllo-inositol) and in grey those not significantly changed (FDR>5%) between diabetic (n = 7) and control (n = 6) rats (Study 3). (B) The significantly altered polar metabolites are shown as log10 ratio of fold change (diabetes/control) and Kruskal–Wallis test for each metabolite (with correction for multiple comparisons; FDR of 5%, q value (D/C) according to the key).