The mice are transplanted with both human hepatocytes (HEPs) and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) (n = 11). Serum is collected at different times at 1, 4, and 6 months posttransplantation, and dilutions are made to adjust the unknown sample concentrations in the range of standards. Each symbol represents an individual mouse value. The results represent the median, as well as individual values. * P < 0.05, by one-way ANOVA. This figure has been modified from Dagur et al.8.