Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Clinical studies reporting outcomes after primary bone marrow stimulation including microfracture, drilling, and abrasion

Treatment for osteochondral lesion of the talus

Follow-up ≥48 mo

Studies involving a minimum of 10 participants

Published in a peer-reviewed journal

Written in English

Full-text version available

Exclusion Criteria

Review articles

Nonprimary defects

Treatment involving debridement alone

Case reports

Cadaveric studies

Animal studies

Technique articles

Use of scaffolds and biological adjuncts