VSG enhanced glucose homeostasis compared to caloric restriction. (A) Schematic of the experimental paradigm employed. (B) Body-weight and (C) body weight as a percentage of baseline weight for 90d following surgery (PF-Sham n = 8, VSG n = 12). (D) Food consumption from the start of pair-feeding at 5d to 84d following surgery (PF-Sham n = 8, VSG n = 12). Panels E–G represent data from animals tested 12-14d following surgery; panels H–J represent data from the same animals tested 75-80d following surgery. (E,H) Blood glucose and integrated AUC (inset) during a MMTT along with (F,I) circulating insulin at 0m and 10m (PF-Sham n = 8, VSG n = 12). (G,J) Blood glucose during an insulin tolerance test (% of baseline glucose; PF-Sham n = 8, VSG n = 12). PF-Sham animals are shown with grey solid lines or grey circles; VSG animals are shown in red dashed lines or red circles. Data represent mean ± SEM; * represent p < 0.05 between PF-Sham and VSG groups; # represent p < 0.05 between time points within groups.