Fig. 1.

Lmcd1 expression induces protein synthesis and muscle hypertrophy. a Schematic representation of the protein domain structure of LMCD1. Numbers indicate amino acid positions in mouse LMCD1. Cys-rich, cysteine-rich domain. PET, Prickle, Espinas, and Testin domain. LIM, Lin11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 domain. b Skeletal muscle Lmcd1 mRNA expression in different available datasets of human diseases compared to healthy subjects. c Determination of Lmcd1 mRNA levels in different mouse tissues by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Results are presented relative to the tissue with the lowest LMCD1 expression (liver) (n = 4). d qRT-PCR of Lmcd1 mRNA levels in muscle biopsies from young and older human volunteers after 12 weeks of a combined exercised protocol vs sedentary controls. Results are presented relative to young sedentary human samples (n = 6). e Lmcd1 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR in young (6 months) and older (24 months) mouse muscle. f Schematic representation of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and LMCD1 adenovirus injection in each gastrocnemius from the hindlimb of 14-day-old SCID mice. g Muscle protein synthesis determined by puromycin incorporation followed by immunoblotting using specific antibody, and corresponding quantification (n = 6). h Gastrocnemius mass normalized by mouse body weight and i total protein/genomic DNA ratio after 7 days of GFP (control) or Lmcd1 expression (n = 6). j qRT-PCR of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha1 (Pgc-1α1), Pgc-1α4, myostatin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1), atrogin, and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (Murf1; n = 6). k qRT-PCR of myosin heavy chain (Myhc) I, IIa, IIb, and IIx (n = 6). Data is shown as mean ± SEM and *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001