Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Participants |
|---|---|
| No. of participants | 11 135 |
| Sex, No. (%) | |
| Men | 5641 (50.7) |
| Women | 5494 (49.3) |
| Region of enrollment, No. (%)a | |
| Europe | 6929 (62.2) |
| Asia | 1887 (17.0) |
| South America | 2319 (20.8) |
| Current smoking, No./total (%)b,c | 3022/11 079 (27.3) |
| Drinking alcohol, No./total (%)b,d | 5815/10 330 (56.3) |
| Risk factors, No./total (%) | |
| Hypertensionb,e | 4866 (43.7) |
| Antihypertensive treatmentb | 2262/11 117 (20.3) |
| Diabetes mellitusb,f | 849/11 130 (7.6) |
| History of CVDa | 1291/11 134 (11.6) |
| Dipping status, No. (%)b,g | |
| Extreme | 2018 (18.1) |
| Normal | 5617 (50.4) |
| None | 2809 (25.2) |
| Reverse | 691 (6.2) |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 54.7 (41.6-67.3) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 25.5 (4.4) |
| No. | 11 102 |
| Serum cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dL | 216.3 (45.2) |
| No. | 10 329 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hgh | |
| Conventional | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 132.4/79.8 |
| SD | 23.0/11.8 |
| Automated office | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 135.3/82.3 |
| SD | 20.0/11.7 |
| 24 hours | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 123.6/73.7 |
| SD | 14.3/8.5 |
| Daytime | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 129.7/78.7 |
| SD | 15.2/9.2 |
| Nighttime | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 112.6/64.7 |
| SD | 15.5/9.4 |
| Dipping ratioi | |
| Systolic/diastolic, mean | 0.87/0.83 |
| SD | 0.08/0.06 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range.
SI conversion factor: to convert cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
Details provided in eTable 1 in Supplement 1.
Assessed only at baseline.
Use of smoking materials on a daily basis.
Drinking was an average alcohol intake of 5 g or more per day.
A conventional BP of 140/90 mm Hg or higher or use of antihypertensive drugs.
Use of antidiabetic drugs, fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or higher, random blood glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher, a self-reported diagnosis, or diabetes documented in practice or hospital records.
Categorization in extreme dippers (≤0.80), normal dippers (>0.80 to ≤0.90), nondippers (>0.90 to ≤1.00), and reverse dippers (>1.00) was based on the systolic dipping ratio.
Conventional BP was measured using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer or validated auscultatory or oscillometric devices. Automated BP was the average of the ambulatory recordings during the first recording hour, when the monitors were applied in a medical environment. Mean BP levels over the whole day and during day/night (10 am to 8 pm/midnight to 6 am for Europeans and South Americans and 8 am to 6 pm/10 pm to 4 am in Asians).
The dipping ratio was nighttime divided by daytime BP.