Table 2. Factors associated with depression among pregnant women living with HIV (n = 200).

Variables	Possible depression		cOR (95%CI)	p-value	aOR (95%CI)	p-value
	No (n = 150) n(%)	Yes (n = 50) n(%)
Education level attained
Primary	83(70.9)	34 (29.1)	1.7(0.9–3.4)	0.118	1.6(0.6–4.1)	0.314
Secondary and above	67 (80.7)	16 (19.3)	Ref
Marital status
Married	135 (78.5)	37 (21.5)	Ref		Ref
Single	15 (53.6)	13 (46.4)	3.2(1.4–7.2)	0.006	4.2 (1.1–14.6)	0.030
Income-earning activities
None	43 (71.7)	17 (23.8)	1.2(0.6–2.5)	0.477
Informal/Formal	107 (76.4)	33 (23.6)	Ref
First pregnancy
Yes	34 (77.3)	10 (22.7)
No	116 (74.4)	40 (25.6)	1.2(0.5–2.6)	0.694
HIV diagnosis
New diagnosis	71 (75.5)	23 (24.5)	Ref
Established diagnosis	79 (74.5)	27 (25.5)	1.0(0.5–2.0)	0.870
Disclosure to anyone
No	34 (82.9)	7 (17.1)	0.5 (0.2–1.3)	0.193
Yes	116 (73.0)	43 (27.0)
Yes	91 (76.5)	28 (23.5)
Food Insecurity (FHI)
Never	112 (84.2)	21 (15.8)
Sometimes	38 (56.7)	29 (43.3)	4.1 (2.1–8.0)	<0.001	2.4 (1.0–6.4)	0.056
Ever experienced violence
No	106 (81.5)	24 (18.5)
Yes	44 (62.9)	26 (37.1)	2.6 (1.3–5.0)	0.004	1.5 (0.6–3.6)	0.409
Variables	Median(IQR)	Median(IQR)	cOR (95%CI)	P value	aOR	P-value
Age in years	30 (26–35)	30 (24–35)	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.532	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	0.892
Social support	30 (24–36)	26.5 (23–30)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.001	1.0 (0.9–1.0)	0.303
HIV Shame	15 (10.7–20)	29 (22.7–35)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	<0.001	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	<0.001
Enacted stigma	0 (0–0)	0 (0–2)	1.3 (1.0–1.5)	0.014	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	0.621
Attitude about pregnancy	16 (13–19.5)	14 (9.7–16)	0.9 (0.9–1.0)	0.007	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.134

cOR, crude odds ratio, aOR, adjusted odds ratio

Adjusted for social support, enacted stigma, attitude about pregnancy, HIV shame, level of education, marital status, food insecurity and violence