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Buffers used in parenteral preparations and approximate buffering range
| Buffer | pH range |
|---|---|
| Glutamate | 2.0–5.3 |
| Tartrate | 2.0–5.3 |
| Lactate | 2.1–4.1 |
| Citrate | 2.1–6.2 |
| Malate | 2.4–6.1 |
| Gluconate | 2.6–4.6 |
| Ascorbate | 3.0–5.0 |
| Maleate | 3.0–5.0 |
| Phosphate | 3.0–8.0 |
| Succinate | 3.2–6.6 |
| Acetate | 3.8–5.8 |
| Bicarbonate | 4.0–11.0 |
| Aspartate | 5.0–5.6 |
| Histidine | 5.0–6.5 |
| Benzoate | 6.0–7.0 |
| Tromethamine | 7.1–9.1 |
| Diethanolamine | 8.0–10.0 |
| Ammonium | 8.25–10.25 |
| Glycine | 8.8–10.8 |
