Figure 2. Apparent brain aging is common in several brain disorders and sensitive to clinical and cognitive measures.

a, The gap between chronological age and brain age was increased in several disorders. The grey shades behind each clinical group reflect its age-, sex- and site-matched controls. The test samples comprised n=925 ASD / n=925 HC, n=725 ADHD / n=725 HC, n=94 SZRISK / n=94 HC, n=1110 SZ / n=1110 HC, n=300 PSYMIX / n=300 HC, n=459 BD / n=459 HC, n=254 MS / n=254 HC, n=208 MDD / n=208 HC, n=974 MCI / n=974 HC, n=739 DEM / n=739 HC; in total n=10,141 independent subjects. Cohen’s d effect sizes (pooled standard deviation units) and two-sided P-values are provided. b, Several disorders showed specific patterns in regional brain age gaps. Colours indicate Cohen’s d effect sizes for group comparisons. Sample size as specified in panel a. Corresponding correlation matrix of the effect sizes is depicted in Suppl. Fig. 9. c, Effect sizes of significant region by group interactions from repeated measures ANOVAs run for each combination of regions and groups (1260 tests in total). Sample size as specified in panel a yet excluding HC; n=5788 independent subjects. Only significant (p<FDR; Benjamini-Hochberg) effects are shown. Suppl. Fig. 10 depicts effect sizes for all 1260 tests. d, Correlation coefficients for linear associations between brain age gaps and cognitive and clinical scores. Sample size comprised n=389 SZ for GAF_symptom, n=269 SZ for GAF_function, n=646 SZ for PANSS_positive, n=626 SZ for PANSS_negative, n=195 MS for EDSS, n=907 MCI and n=686 DEM for MMSE. Associations were computed using linear models accounting for age, age², sex, scanning site and Euler number, and the resulting t-statistics were transformed to r. Significant (P<FDR; Benjamini-Hochberg; two-sided) associations are marked with a black box. Corresponding scatter plots are depicted in Suppl. Fig 11.