Table 3.
Estimated Linear Combinations of Interaction Coefficients from Ordinary Least Squares Regressionsa of PALS-K Outcomes on Gestational Age in Completed Weeks (n = 153,145)
| Outcome: Standardized PALS-K Scoreb | Outcome: Probability of Meeting Literacy Benchmarkc, Percentage Point |
|
|---|---|---|
| β Coefficient (95% CI) | β Coefficient (95% CI) | |
| MEDICAID DELIVERY COVERAGE-GESTATIONAL AGE INTERACTION | ||
| Non-Medicaid | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.32 (0.22, 0.42) |
| Medicaid | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.79 (0.62, 0.96) |
| MATERNAL EDUCATION-GESTATIONAL AGE INTERACTION | ||
| 1–3 years HS | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.61 (0.26, 0.95) |
| HS grad/equivalent | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.90) |
| 1–3 years college | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.48 (0.33, 0.63) |
| 4 years college | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.35 (0.22, 0.48) |
| 5+ years college | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.09 (−0.07, 0.25) |
| MATERNAL AGE-GESTATIONAL AGE INTERACTION | ||
| <20 years | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.44 (0.10, 0.78) |
| 20–24 years | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.76 (0.55, 0.97) |
| 25–34 years | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.43 (0.32, 0.54) |
| 35–39 years | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.54 (0.29, 0.80) |
| 40+ years | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.43 (−0.14, 0.99) |
| MATERNAL RACE/ETHNICITY-GESTATIONAL AGE INTERACTION | ||
| Asian NH | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.72 (−0.15, 1.60) |
| Black NH | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.54 (0.24, 0.85) |
| Hispanic | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.72 (0.15, 1.29) |
| Native Am. NH | 0.02 (−0.00, 0.04) | 0.73 (−0.19, 1.64) |
| Other NH | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.20) | −2.94 (−7.05, 1.16) |
| White NH | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.50 (0.41, 0.60) |
| MATERNAL MARITAL STATUS-GESTATIONAL AGE INTERACTION | ||
| Married | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.45 (0.35, 0.55) |
| Unmarried | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.57 (0.41, 0.73) |
Abbreviations: Am., American; CI, confidence interval; grad, graduate; HS, high school; NH, non-Hispanic; PALS-K, Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening-Kindergarten.
All regressions adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal marital status, Medicaid delivery coverage, parity, and child’s sex. Regressions cluster standard errors at the mother level.
We standardized the PALS-K score to mean 0 and standard deviation 1.
The PALS-K benchmark is a score of 28 points or greater on the test (range: 0–102 points). Failure to meet the benchmark signals that a child may need early literacy intervention.