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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 3.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Toxicol. 2019 Jul 3;49(5):411–429. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1626801

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Tiered approach used in the environmental risk assessment of PPP for aquatic organisms in edge-of-field surface waters (A) and for in-soil organisms (B). All the tiers intend to achieve a defined specific protection goal (SPG). The nematode species Caenorhabditis elegans could be included in tiers 1 and 2 of the risk assessment regarding aquatic organisms (A) and in the lower tier and intermediate tier A of the risk assessment regarding soil organisms (B), using standard guidelines: ISO 10872 (ISO, 2010) (A) or ASTM E2172–01 (ASTM, 2014) and ISO 10872 (ISO, 2010) (B). In soil (part B), the toxicity assessment includes both tests with fauna and mycorrhiza and a microorganism-mediated process test. OECD N202 is the available guideline to perform the acute immobilization test with Daphnia Sp. (OECD, 2004a); OECD N201 to perform the growth inhibition test with freshwater alga and cyanobacteria (OECD, 2011a) and OECD N226 from 2004 to perform the reproduction test in soil with the mite Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer (OECD, 2004b). SSDs is the acronym for Species Sensitivity Distributions. The information used to build this figure was retrieved from EFSA reports (EFSA, 2013; EFSA, 2017).