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. 2019 Oct 31;9:15703. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-51991-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Coinfection with H. polygyrus increases cellular transepithelial migration into the lung airspace. After 2 weeks of helminth infection, the mice were infected with/without P. aeruginosa through intranasal inoculation. Mice were placed in the cage for 6 hours, and after incubation mice were sacrificed, BAL and lung tissue were obtained. (a) The result of BAL cell count. Data are shown as mean ± SD and are representative of three independent experiments. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 between the indicated conditions. (b) P. aeruginosa CFU in the whole lung tissues without BAL acquisition. Data are shown as mean ± SD, (pooled data, n = 8). (c) Coinfection with H. polygyrus increases mouse survival and decreases bacterial dissemination into the spleen. After 2 weeks of helminth infection, the mice were infected with P. aeruginosa through intranasal inoculation. Mice were placed in the cage and monitored for 7 days. Data shown is the Kaplan Meier survival curve of single infected and coinfected mice over 7 days. Data shown is a compilation of three independent experiments (PA14 n = 14, Helminth + PA14 n = 14). (d) P. aeruginosa CFU in whole spleen tissues at day 7 post infection. Data are shown as mean ± SEM.