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. 2019 Oct 31;10:4973. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12952-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Lithium ion transfer mechanism on montmorillonite surface. a The charge distribution of Li ions on montmorillonite and Li <001> surface, respectively. b The binding energy and diffusion barrier of Li ion on different material surface. c The schematic energy band diagram at the Li/montmorillonite hetero-junction upon contact that shows electron transfer at the interface. d, e Migrating behavior of Li ions on montmorillonite surface and bulk electrolyte, respectively. f The over-potential of Li||Cu cell using MIP- and ether-based electrolyte