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. 2019 Oct 31;9:15717. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52083-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of OGD and AC on viability of neural stem cells. (A) Neural stem cells (NSCs) were treated with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) for different periods of time. OGD induced cytotoxicity and decreased the viability of NSCs in a time-dependent manner. (B) To evaluate the effect of AC itself on NSCs, cells were treated with several concentrations of AC (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μM) for 8 h. AC (up to 10 μM) did not affect viability and was not cytotoxic to NSCs. (C) To measure the effects of AC on OGD-induced neurotoxicity, NSCs were simultaneously treated with several concentrations of AC (0, 0.1, 1, or 10 μM) and OGD for 8 h. AC up to 1 μM protected NSCs from OGD, but 10 μM AC was not protective. DAPI and TUNEL staining (D) and Annexin V/PI FACS analysis (E) showed that AC effectively blocked apoptotic cell death of NSCs induced by OGD. (F) AC restored the levels of each of these signaling proteins in NSCs under OGD. Data are means (% of control) ± SD from five independent experiments. Treatment groups were compared with the control group using Tukey’s test after one-way ANOVA. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 (vs. control group), ^#p < 0.05 and ^##p < 0.05 (vs. the group treated only with OGD). Full-length blots/gels are presented in Supplementary Fig. S1.