Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia or endocarditis included in the systematic review
| No. | Author | Year | Study period | Country | Total no. of cases | Proportion of HAMRSA/CAMRSA/MSSAa,b,c | Population | IE (% of cases) | Types of outcomes | Mortality rate, % |
Crude OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRSA | MSSA | |||||||||||
| 1 | Holmes [21] | 2011 | 2007.1–2008.11 | Australia | 532 | 22.2/15.8/62.0b | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 22.1 | 14.2 | 1.72 (1.09–2.71) | |
| New Zealand | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Kao [22] | 2011 | 2004.1–2004.12 | Taiwan | 137 | 42.3/5.8/51.8a | SAB | Hospital mortality | 43.9 | 21.1 | 2.93 (1.38–6.19) | |
| 3 | Lubart [23] | 2011 | 2004.1–2005.12 | Israel | 68 | 66.2/33.8c | SAB | 14-Day mortality | 40.0 | 13.0 | 4.44 (1.15–17.18) | |
| 4 | Park [24] | 2011 | 2003.1–2008.12 | Korea | 266 | 46.6/7.9/45.5a | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 21.4 | 28.9 | 0.67 (0.38–1.17) | |
| 5 | Big [25] | 2010 | 2004.1–2008.7 | USA | 76 | 60.5/39.5c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 34.8 | 20.0 | 2.13 (0.72–6.29) | |
| 6 | Kang [26] | 2010 | 2004.9–2006.8 | Korea | 709 | 46.4/53.6c | SAB/SAE | 31 (4.4) | 30-Day mortality | 33.1 | 17.1 | 2.40 (1.69–3.41) |
| 7 | Khan [27] | 2010 | 2007.7–2008.6 | Qatar | 53 | 13.2/86.8c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 28.6 | 28.3 | 1.02 (0.17–5.91) | |
| 8 | Kim [28] | 2010 | 2006.7–2008.12 | Canada | 684 | 27.9/72.1c | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 25.1 | 15.4 | 1.84 (1.22–2.77) | |
| 9 | Ponce-de-Le-on [29] | 2010 | 2003.1–2007.12 | Mexico | 172 | 45.9/0/54.1b | SAB | 30-Day mortality, hos- pital mortality, 7-day mortality, LOS | 21.5 | 21.5 | 1.0 (0.48–2.08) | |
| 10 | Takayama [30] | 2010 | 1990.1–2006.12 | Japan | 33 | 30.3/0/69.7b | SAE | 33 (100) | Hospital mortality | 70.0 | 34.8 | 4.38 (0.88–21.71) |
| 11 | Wehrhahn [31] | 2010 | 2-Year period | Australia | 81 | 0/22.2/77.8b | SAB/SAE | 15 (18.5) | 30-Day mortality | 22.2 | 11.1 | 2.29 (0.59–8.91) |
| 12 | Ammerlaan [32] | 2009 | 2007.1–2007.12 | Europe | 334 | 23.1/76.9c | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 26.0 | 23.3 | 1.15 (0.64–2.07) | |
| 13 | Ben-David [33] | 2009 | 2000.1–2003.8 | Israel | 182 | 52.2/0/47.8b | SAB | Hospital mortality, LOS, total medical cost | 25.3 | 18.4 | 1.5 (0.74–3.06) | |
| 14 | Khatib [34] | 2009 | 2002.1–2003.6 | USA | 78 | 78.2/21.8c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 34.4 | 5.9 | 8.4 (1.04–67.79) | |
| 15 | Kim [35] | 2009 | 1995.1.–2006.12 | Korea | 73 | 16.4/26.0/57.5b | SAE | 73 (100) | Hospital mortality, | 35.5 | 2.4 | 22.55 (2.72–187.07) |
| 16 | Rieg [36] | 2009 | 2002–2007 | Germany | 521 | 12.9/0/87.1a | SAB | Hospital mortality | 41.8 | 18.7 | 3.12 (1.82–5.35) | |
| 17 | Rubio-Terres [37] | 2009 | 2005.1–2005.12 | Spain | 366 | 26.8/6.3/66.9b | SAB | Hospital mortality, LOS (in wards), ICU stay, cost per episode bacteremia | 39.7 | 25.3 | 1.94 (1.22–3.09) | |
| 18 | Turnidge [38] | 2009 | 2007.6–2008.5 | Australia | 1865 | 24.1/75.9c | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 30.0 | 17.7 | 2.0 (1.57–2.55) | |
| New Zealand | ||||||||||||
| 19 | Allard [39] | 2008 | 1991–2005 | Canada | 815 | 8.3/0.1/91.5a | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 33.3 | 23.1 | 1.67 (0.98–2.83) | |
| 20 | Baroudi [40] | 2008 | 1990.1–2006.1 | USA | 27 | 55.6/44.4c | SAE | 27 (100) | Hospital mortality | 40.0 | 50.0 | 0.67 (0.14–3.09) |
| 21 | Libert [41] | 2008 | 2002.1–2004.12 | Belgium | 140 | 31.4/12.9/55.7b | SAB | Hospital mortality | 54.8 | 35.9 | 1.90 (0.97–3.76) | |
| 22 | Malani [42] | 2008 | 2004–2005 | USA | 68 | 52.9/47.1c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 25.0 | 12.5 | 3.88 (1.29–11.68) | |
| 23 | Bader [43] | 2007 | 2003.1–2004.12 | USA | 135 | 23.0/31.8/45.2b | SAB | Hospital mortality | 33.8 | 18.0 | 2.32 (1.03–5.22) | |
| 24 | Cagatay [44] | 2007 | 2001.10–2002.12 | Turkey | 57 | 80.7/19.3c | SAB | SAB-related mortality (30-day) | 54.3 | 63.6 | 0.68 (0.17–2.65) | |
| 25 | Das [45] | 2007 | 2001–11–2002–12 | UK | 140 | 49.3/10.7/40.0b | SAB | SAB-related mortality (within 10-day), LOS | 33.3 | 16.1 | 2.61 (1.12–6.08) | |
| 26 | Greiner [46] | 2007 | 1999.12–2005.5 | Germany | 109 | 18.3/7.4/74.3b | SAB | Total hospital cost | NR | NR | NR | |
| 27 | Hsu [47] | 2007 | 1995–2005 | Taiwan | 123 | 39.0/61.0c | SAE | 123 (100) | Hospital mortality | 41.7 | 16.0 | 3.75 (1.61–8.71) |
| 28 | Wang [48] | 2007 | 1990–2004 | Taiwan | 1148 | 74.1/25.9c | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 49.8 | 27.6 | 2.60 (1.95–3.47) | |
| 29 | Depuydt [49] | 2006 | 1992–2002 | Belgium | 32 | 59.4/40.6c | Bacteremic SAP | Hospital mortality | 72.2 | NR | NR | |
| 30 | Guilarde [50] | 2006 | 2000.1–2001.12 | Brazil | 111 | 55.0/45.0c | SAB | SAB-related mortality | 47.5 | 20.0 | 3.63 (1.54–8.53) | |
| 31 | Heo [51] | 2006 | 2000.1–2005.8 | Korea | 231 | 0/27.3/72.7b | SAB | Hospital mortality | 30.2 | 19.6 | 1.77 (0.91–3.41) | |
| 32 | Kim [52] | 2006 | 1999.1–2003.5 | Korea | 96 | 64.6/3.1/32.3a | SAB | Hospital mortality | 26.2 | 0.0 | 22.73 (1.32–391.68) | |
| 33 | Lesse [53] | 2006 | 1997.1–2003.12 | USA | 38 | 63.2/36.8c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 33.3 | 21.4 | 1.83 (0.4–8.49) | |
| 34 | Marra [54] | 2006 | 2003.12.15–2004.12.31 | USA | 91 | 46.2/53.8c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 26.2 | 4.1 | 8.69 (1.80–41.88) | |
| 35 | Nori [55] | 2006 | 1999.1–2004.2 | USA | 22 | 50.0/50.0c | SAE | 22 (100) | Hospital mortality | 54.5 | 45.5 | 1.44 (0.27–7.71) |
| 36 | Perovic [56] | 2006 | 1999.11–2002.10 | South Africa | 449 | 18.7/4.7/76.6b | SAB | SAB-related mortality (14-day) | 33.3 | 20.1 | 1.99 (1.23–3.23) | |
| 37 | Shorr [57] | 2006 | 2002–2003 | USA | 1540 | 21.2/6.2/72.6a | SAB | Hospital mortality | 23.5 | 16.4 | 1.57 (1.19–2.06) | |
| 38 | Wyllie [58] | 2006 | 1997.4–2004.3 | UK | 441 | 51.5/0/48.5b | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 33.5 | 27.1 | 1.35 (0.90–2.04) | |
| 39 | Cassettari [59] | 2005 | 1999.5–1999.8 | Brazil | 163 | 58.9/0/41.1b | SAB | Hospital mortality, SAB-related mortality (15-day) | 44.8 | 29.9 | 1.91 (0.99–3.69) | |
| 40 | DeRyke [60] | 2005 | 1999.1–2004.4 | USA | 60 | 70.0/0/30.0b | Bacteremic SAP | Hospital mortality, SAB-related mortality, infection-related LOS | 54.8 | 55.6 | 0.97 (0.32–2.94) | |
| 41 | Fowler [61] | 2005 | 2000.6–2003.12 | USA | 424 | 26.7/6.7/66.7a | SAE | 424 (100) | Hospital mortality | 29.8 | 23.3 | 1.39 (0.89–2.20) |
| Multicontinent | ||||||||||||
| 42 | Lodise [62] | 2005 | 1999.1–2001.1 | USA | 353 | 39.9/8.2/51.8b | SAB | SAB-related mortality, 30-day mortality, SAB-related LOS and hospital cost | 30.6 | 15.3 | 2.44 (1.45–4.10) | |
| 43 | Reed [63] | 2005 | 1996.7.–2001.8 | USA | 143 | 37.8/62.2 | SAB | Hospital-mortality, LOS, ICU stay, total hospital cost | 14.8 | 9.0 | 1.76 (0.62–5.01) | |
| 44 | Yoon [64] | 2005 | 1986.3–2004.3 | Korea | 32 | 18.8/12.5/68.8b | SAE | 32 (100) | Hospital mortality | 50.0 | 9.1 | 10.0 (1.48–67.55) |
| 45 | Chang [65] | 2004 | 1988.1–2002.12 | Taiwan | 12 | 66.7/33.3c | SAE | 12 (100) | Hospital mortality | 100 | 0 | 153.0 (2.58–9,077.05) |
| 46 | Cordova [66] | 2004 | 1997.7–1999.6 | Australia | 501 | 7.8/3.2/89.0a | SAB | Hospital mortality (within 16-day), 7-day mortality, LOS | 27.3 | 16.8 | 1.86 (0.98–3.53) | |
| 47 | Osmon [67] | 2004 | 2001.12–2002.9 | USA | 265 | 36.2/19.6/44.2a | SAB | Hospital mortality, LOS, ICU stay | 13.5 | 16.2 | 0.81 (0.41–1.59) | |
| 48 | Chang [68] | 2003 | 1994.8–1996.3 | USA | 64 | 15.6/15.6/68.8a | SAE | 64 (100) | 30-Day mortality, 14-Day mortality | 50.0 | 22.7 | 3.40 (1.10–10.47) |
| 49 | Kim [69] | 2003 | 1998.1–2002.3 | Korea | 29 | 48.3/51.7c | SAB | SAB-related mortality | 57.1 | 20.0 | 5.33 (1.02–27.76) | |
| 50 | Melzer [70] | 2003 | 1995.1–2000.12 | UK | 815 | 46.9/0/53.1b | SAB | SAB-related mortality, overall mortality | 29.6 | 13.6 | 2.66 (1.87–3.79) | |
| 51 | Na [71] | 2003 | 1990.1–2000.5 | Korea | 10 | 20.0/80.0c | SAE | 10 (100) | Hospital mortality | 100 | 25 | 13.00 (0.45–377.47) |
| 52 | Blot [72] | 2002 | 1992.1.–1998.12 | Belgium | 85 | 55.3/0/44.7b | SAB | Hospital mortality, 15-day mortality, 30-day mortality, ICU stay | 53.2 | 18.4 | 5.03 (1.85–13.69) | |
| 53 | Campillo [73] | 2002 | 1996.1–2001.3 | France | 83 | 90.4/0/9.6b | SAB/peritonitis | Hospital mortality | 60.0 | 75.0 | 0.5 (0.09–2.64) | |
| 54 | Talon [74] | 2002 | 1997.1–1998.12 | France | 99 | 11.1/19.2/69.7b | SAB | 51.7 | SAB-related mortality (14-day) | 43.3 | 20.3 | 3.00 (1.18–7.62) |
| 55 | Tumbarello [75] | 2002 | 1991.1–2000.12 | Italy | 129 | 24.8/7.0/68.2b | SAB | Hospital mortality, LOS | 34.1 | 11.4 | 4.04 (1.61–10.17) | |
| 56 | Cosgrove [76] | 2001 | 1997.7–2000.6 | USA | 348 | 27.6/72.4c | SAB | Hospital mortality, SAB-related mortality, SAB-related LOS and hospital charge | 22.9 | 19.8 | 1.20 (0.68–2.12) | |
| 57 | Morin [77] | 2001 | 1998.1–1998.12 | USA | 192 | 9.9/5.2/84.9a | SAB | Hospital mortality | 13.8 | 10.4 | 1.37 (0.43–4.42) | |
| 58 | Wisplinghoff [78] | 2001 | 1995.12–1997.5 | USA | 82 | 48.8/0/51.2b | SAB | Hospital mortality | 25.0 | 23.8 | 1.07 (0.39–2.92) | |
| 59 | Ibrahim [79] | 2000 | 1997.6–1999.7 | USA | 94 | 48.9/51.1c | SAB | Hospital mortality | 37.0 | 25.0 | 1.76 (0.73–4.27) | |
| 60 | Roghmann [80] | 2000 | 1995.10–1998.1 | USA | 125 | 22.7/7.0/70.3b | SAB | 30-Day mortality | 32.4 | 23.9 | 1.53 (0.66–3.57) | |
| 61 | Selvey [81] | 2000 | 1992–1997 | Australia | 504 | 37.3/0/62.7b | SAB | Hospital mortality, SAB-related mortality | 18.6 | 13.0 | 1.53 (0.94–2.51) | |
| 62 | Soriano [82] | 2000 | 1991.1–1998.12 | Spain | 908 | 19.9/4.8/75.2b | SAB/SAE | 31 (3.4) | SAB-related mortality (30-day), LOS | 21.8 | 8.9 | 2.84 (1.88–4.28) |
HA, hospital-acquired; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aurues; CA, community-acquired; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; IE, infective endocarditis; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SAB, S. aureus bacteremia; SAE, S. aureus-associated infective endocarditis; LOS, length of hospital stay; ICU, intensive care unit; SAP, S. aureus-associated pneumonia.
a
Represents the proportion of cases which were epidemiologically defined according to CA- and HA-MRSA.
b
Represents the proportion of cases which were classified into community-onset and hospital-onset MRSA without definition of CA-MRSA.
c
Indicates the proportion of cases with MRSA, when onset of bacteremia was not defined according to the epidemiologic definition.